Effects of Growth Hormone on Craniofacial Growth

Abstract

Objective: This study determined the effects of growth hormone (GH) therapy on craniofacial growth in idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Materials and Methods: Fifty-seven patients (33 boys and 24 girls; age range 4.5 to 16.7 years) with GHD were investigated and categorized into three groups according to the duration of GH therapy: the untreated group, the short-term therapy group, and the long-term therapy group. Their lateral cephalometric radiographs were studied, and craniofacial measurements were assessed by age and sex by using matched standard deviation scores. Results: In the untreated group, the anterior cranial base, total facial height, maxillary length, mandibular total length, mandibular body length, and ramus height were smaller than the standard values. In comparison with the untreated group, the long-term therapy group had a significantly larger upper facial height (P Ͻ .05), maxillary length (P Ͻ .01), and ramus height (P Ͻ .01) measurements. Conclusions: Children who received long-term GH replacement therapy showed increased growth of the craniofacial skeleton, especially the maxilla and ramus. These findings suggest that GH accelerates craniofacial development, which improves occlusion and the facial profile.

Modularity and integration in ontogeny of the middle facial skeleton in two West African monkey species: collared mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus) and olive colobus (Procolobus verus)

“…In the oral module its lower part, alveolar process, is undoubtedly affected by masticatory loadings but there are strong reasons to suppose an influence from the other functional matrix, nasal septum, onto its upper structures the palate and the nasal spine area (Latham, 1970;Mooney & Siegel, 1986;Depew et al, 2005;Holton et al, 2010Holton et al, , 2011. The shape of the masticatory module depends not only on masticatory cyclic strain but also on the general somatic growth factors (Collard & OHiggins, 2001;Hallgrimsson et al, 2004;Bulygina et al, 2006;Funatsu et al, 2006) as well as on the shape of the cranial base (Bunak, 1960;Richtsmeier et al, 1993;Liebeman et al, 2000). A relatively low level of integration in these functional modules was found in many studies (Cheverud, 1982;Cardini & Elton, 2008a;Adams et al, 2011) and demonstrates that such an approach captures just a part (even though a very important part) of information about modularity of the facial skeleton and stimulates a search for new ways of separation of the whole structure into modules.…”

Craniofacial morphology in Turner syndrome patientstreated with growth hormone

“…32 Increased length of mandibular ramus, in combination with the average length of posterior cranial base, was considered to contribute to increased facial heights in study group. 18,19,21 The ratio between posterior and anterior facial height indicated that the effects were more pronounced on posterior facial height.…”

“…14,15 Besides its positive effects on body height, GH seems to influence craniofacial growth. [16][17][18][19][20] GH treatment was found to increase the length of maxilla and mandible, [18][19][20][21] as well as anterior and posterior facial heights [17][18][19]22 and cranial base length. 17,21,23 Afore cited data are the results from studies that have investigated GH effects on craniofacial morphology in growth hormone deficient children, [16][17][18] children born too small for their gestational age 21,22 and children who have been subjected to whole body radiation.…”

Role of Hormones in Orthodontics: A Review

“…Estrogen inhibits tooth movement by increasing the bone mineral content and bone mass and by reducing the bone resorption rate. Several studies have shown that estrogen deficiency accelerated tooth movement 5 .…”

“…The rate at which tooth movement occurs depends on the ability of these pathways to realize bone metabolism by the two main cell types responsible for tooth movement: osteoblasts and osteoclasts. 3,5,6 Hormones have an important influence on the rate of tooth movement, and information on their consumption is essential to adequately discuss treatment planning with patients. This is especially important in dentistry because many of the patients attending dental clinics face stressful situations.…”