Effects of herbs and spice on health status of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) challenged with Streptococcus iniae

Abstract

Effects of different herbal extracts on the growth and immune defense of fish were researched in the last decade. The aim of this study was to determine the dietary effects of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) as a feed additive on haematology, innate immune response, and disease resistance of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). In total 228 healthy fish tilapia were divided into four groups (57 fish in one group) and fed diets supplemented with thyme, rosemary and fenugreek at levels of 1%, respectively; fish in the control group were fed diet without any spices. Fish were fed ad libitum three times a day for 45 days. All fish of the experimental groups significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced phagocytic activity, haematocrit, white blood cell, red blood cell, neutrophil and monocyte counts in blood. Significant (P < 0.05) increase of plasma myeloperoxidase and lysozyme activity was found in fish receiving a feed supplemented with fenugreek after 30 days. Respiratory burst activity was non-significantly (P > 0.05) changed during the whole experiment. After 45 days of feeding, fish were injected intraperitoneally with 100 μl of Streptococcus iniae (8 × 10 8 colony forming unit). The cumulative mortality was 22%, 27% and 31% in fish receiving diets supplemented with 1% thyme, rosemary and fenugreek, respectively, compared to 61% mortality in the control group. The results indicate that all three supplements used improved the haematological status, non-specific immune response and disease resistance of tilapia against S. iniae; this is the first similar study.

Growth performance, immune response and disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fedThymus vulgarisessential oils

“…We also found no difference was seen in lysozyme value among the treatments as well as between the treatments and control on day ties (Gültepe, Bilen, Yılmaz, Güroy, & Aydın, 2014). In contrast, tilapia fed 0.1%-1% thyme oils for 15 days demonstrated did not alter lysozyme, complement and respiratory activities compared to control fish (Valladão et al, 2019).…”

“…Supplementation of thyme oils at 10 ml herbal essential oils (mixed thyme and fennel)/100 g feed for 21 days could improve resistance of rainbow trout against Yersinia ruckeri infection by increasing levels of some immunity factors (Gulec et al (). Gültepe et al () also showed that tilapia fed 1% thyme exhibited 78% survival compared to 39% in control fish after fish being challenged with Streptococcus iniae . Further, ALsafah and AL‐Faragi () demonstrated a higher survival rate in thyme‐treated carp after being challenged with Saprolegnia spp.…”

“…For instance, in their study by Azad, Al‐Yaqout, and Al‐Roumi (), serum lysozyme activity, serum phagocytic capability and blood leucocytes were improved after yellowfin bream ( Acanthopagrus latus ) and bluefin bream ( Sparidentax hasta ) being exposed to 20 ppm thyme oils for 10 min. Dietary effects of 1% thyme as a feed additive for 45 days in tilapia also enhanced immunocompetent cell population, lysozyme and phagocytic activities (Gültepe, Bilen, Yılmaz, Güroy, & Aydın, ). In contrast, tilapia fed 0.1%–1% thyme oils for 15 days demonstrated did not alter lysozyme, complement and respiratory activities compared to control fish (Valladão et al, ).…”

Effects of dietary levels of essential oil extracts from Moringa oleifera and Artemisia afra on kidney histology, haemato‐immunological parameters and disease resistance in Clarias gariepinus

“…The antibacterial and antioxidant properties of EO from A. afra have been reported to be mainly exerted by 1.8‐cineole, α‐thujone, β‐thujone, camphor and borneol (Burits, Asres, & Bucar, ; More, Lall, Hussein, & Tshikalange, ; Van Vuuren & Viljoen, ; Van Wyk, Van Oudtshoorn, & Gericke, ). The EO composition of A. afra is similar to that of Rosmarinus officinalis , which was shown to have improved haematological and immunological variables in O. mossambicus (Gültepe, Bilen, Yılmaz, Güroy, & Aydın, ). The major constituents of R. officinalis also include camphor, borneol and 1,8‐cineole (Weckessera et al, ).…”

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“…Thyme has a strong antimicrobial and antioxidant activity due to its very high contents of thymol, p-cymene, carvacrol, eugenol, and 4-allylphenol. (Gültepe, Bilen, Yılmaz, Güroy, & Aydın, 2014) Thymol, a major component of thymeessential oils, has been widely studied for its antimicrobial properties (Dorman & Deans, 2000). Carvacrol, an isomer of thymol, is found in essential oils isolated from oregano and thyme.…”