“…To a much lesser extent, studies on two other types of epigenetic changes, including histone modifications and noncoding RNAs dysregulation, have also been conducted, although primarily in cell culture systems and animal models [106,120,218,219]. The histone modification studies have focused on representative active or repressive histone marks (e.g., H3K4me, H3K9ac or H3K9me3, and H3K27me3), also measuring enzymes that catalyze these reactions, including histone acetyltransferases (HATs), histone methyltransferases (HMTs), histone deacetylases (HDACs), and histone demethylases (KDMs), and quantifying the expression of associated genes [139,164,167,186,196,[220][221][222][223][224][225][226][227][228][229][230][231][232][233][234][235][236]. For instance, BPA treatment of human breast cancer cells (MCF7) resulted in increased histone acetylation and H3K4 trimethylation through enrichment of the mixed-lineage leukemia family of histone methyltransferases (MLL2 and MLL3) and CREB-binding protein and p300 (CBP/p300; paralogous lysine acetyltransferases) at the promoter of HOXC6, HOXB9, and the enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) that are involved in breast cancer and other types of cancer [222,223,227].…”