Effects of hormonal contraceptives on milk volume and infant growth

Tankeyoon, Monthira; Dusitsin, Nikorn; Chalapati, Sopon; Koetsawang, Suporn; Saibiang, S.; Sas, M.; Gellén, J; Ayeni, Olusola; Gray, Ronald H.; Pinol, A.; Zegers, L.

doi:10.1016/0010-7824(84)90001-5

Cited by 92 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…(A woman’s own estrogen production is at its lowest postpubertal level at the beginning of lactation.) Older birth control pills with higher estrogen levels were linked to a decrease in milk volume or shortened duration of lactation ( 35 ). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonmalarial Infant Deaths and DDT Use for Malaria Control

Chen

Rogan

2003

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Although dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) is being banned worldwide, countries in sub-Saharan Africa have sought exemptions for malaria control. Few studies show illness in children from the use of DDT, and the possibility of risks to them from DDT use has been minimized. However, plausible if inconclusive studies associate DDT with more preterm births and shorter duration of lactation, which raise the possibility that DDT does indeed have such toxicity. Assuming that these associations are causal, we estimated the increase in infant deaths that might result from DDT spraying. The estimated increases are of the same order of magnitude as the decreases from effective malaria control. Unintended consequences of DDT use need to be part of the discussion of modern vector control policy.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonmalarial Infant Deaths and DDT Use for Malaria Control

Chen

Rogan

2003

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Small amounts of hormone are transmitted via breastmilk, which may cause jaundice or breast enlargement in the neonate (105). Additionally, estrogen use may interfere with lactation by decreasing the quantity and quality of breast milk (106). A nursing mother with POI should be advised not to use HRT, including contraceptive steroids, until she has completely weaned her child (107).…”

Section: Benefits and Risks Of Hrt In Women With Poi And Early Menopausementioning

confidence: 99%

Hormone replacement therapy in young women with primary ovarian insufficiency and early menopause

Sullivan

Sarrel

Nelson

2016

Fertility and Sterility

347

233

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a rare but important cause of ovarian hormone deficiency and infertility in women. In addition to causing infertility, POI is associated with multiple health risks, including bothersome menopausal symptoms, decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures, early progression of cardiovascular disease, psychological impact that may include depression, anxiety, and decreased perceived psychosocial support, potential early decline in cognition, and dry eye syndrome. Appropriate hormone replacement therapy to replace premenopausal levels of ovarian sex steroids is paramount to increasing quality of life for women with POI and ameliorating associated health risks. In this review, we discuss POI and complications associated with this disorder, as well as safe and effective hormone replacement therapy options. To decrease morbidity associated with POI, we recommend using HRT formulations that most closely mimic normal ovarian hormone production and continuing HRT until the normal age of natural menopause, ~50 years. We address special populations of women with POI, including women with Turner Syndrome, women with increased risk of breast or ovarian cancer, women approaching the age of natural menopause, and breastfeeding women.

show abstract

“…Mean breast milk volume was lower in the COC group at 9, 16 and 24 weeks by 18–25 mL. However, no differences were noted between groups on use of supplemental infant nutrition [25]. In 2012, Espey et al performed a randomized controlled trial of breastfeeding women following term delivery who desired to initiate oral contraception.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given that in non-breastfeeding women without contraindications to estrogen, combined oral contraceptives have been found to have better efficacy, higher continuation rates, and fewer side effects than POPs, and that 35 micrograms is the highest estrogen content in commonly used COCs, the authors conclude that it is reassuring that combined pills do not have a major impact on breastfeeding continuation or infant growth and a larger equivalency study should be performed to clarify the clinical impact of COCs on lactation [26]. No randomized controlled trials are available that evaluate the other estrogen-containing contraceptives available in the U.S., the contraceptive patch and vaginal ring, which have different hormonal content and absorption profiles than combined oral contraceptive pills [25]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A randomized controlled trial noted no difference in infant weight gain at 14 days compared to infants not exposed to hormonal contraception [37, 38]. Similarly, in studies examining infant growth effects when progestin-only methods are initiated after 6 weeks postpartum, most have noted no differences, although small differences in both directions have been found [39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Optimizing maternal and neonatal outcomes with postpartum contraception: impact on breastfeeding and birth spacing

Sridhar

Salcedo

2017

matern health, neonatol and perinatol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Postpartum contraception is important to prevent unintended pregnancies. Assisting women in achieving recommended inter-pregnancy intervals is a significant maternal-child health concern. Short inter-pregnancy intervals are associated with negative perinatal, neonatal, infant, and maternal health outcomes. More than 30% of women experience inter-pregnancy intervals of less than 18 months in the United States. Provision of any contraceptive method after giving birth is associated with improved inter-pregnancy intervals. However, concerns about the impact of hormonal contraceptives on breastfeeding and infant health have limited recommendations for such methods and have led to discrepant recommendations by organizations such as the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this review, we discuss current recommendations for the use of hormonal contraception in the postpartum period. We also discuss details of the lactational amenorrhea method and effects of hormonal contraception on breastfeeding. Given the paucity of high quality evidence on the impact on hormonal contraception on breastfeeding outcomes, and the strong evidence for improved health outcomes with achievement of recommended birth spacing intervals, the real risk of unintended pregnancy and its consequences must not be neglected for fear of theoretical neonatal risks. Women should establish desired hormonal contraception before the risk of pregnancy resumes. With optimization of postpartum contraception provision, we will step closer toward a healthcare system with fewer unintended pregnancies and improved birth outcomes.

show abstract

Effects of hormonal contraceptives on milk volume and infant growth

Cited by 92 publications

References 18 publications

Nonmalarial Infant Deaths and DDT Use for Malaria Control

Nonmalarial Infant Deaths and DDT Use for Malaria Control

Hormone replacement therapy in young women with primary ovarian insufficiency and early menopause

Optimizing maternal and neonatal outcomes with postpartum contraception: impact on breastfeeding and birth spacing

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About