Effects of host condition on susceptibility to infection, parasite developmental rate, and parasite transmission in a snail–trematode interaction

Krist, Amy C.; Jokela, Jukka; Wiehn, Jürgen; Lively, Curtis M.

doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00661.x

Cited by 83 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…pre-infection defences, see table 4.1 and references therein [8]). Much of the complexity of host-parasite interactions is expected in the subsequent within-host phase of the infection process, where immune activation or evasion by the parasite [9], the physiological condition of the host [10,11] and the quality of nutrient intake [12 -14] all combine to influence the overall outcome of infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disentangling the influence of parasite genotype, host genotype and maternal environment on different stages of bacterial infection in Daphnia magna

Hall

Ebert

2012

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Individuals naturally vary in the severity of infectious disease when exposed to a parasite. Dissecting this variation into genetic and environmental components can reveal whether or not this variation depends on the host genotype, parasite genotype or a range of environmental conditions. Complicating this task, however, is that the symptoms of disease result from the combined effect of a series of events, from the initial encounter between a host and parasite, through to the activation of the host immune system and the exploitation of host resources. Here, we use the crustacean Daphnia magna and its parasite Pasteuria ramosa to show how disentangling genetic and environmental factors at different stages of infection improves our understanding of the processes shaping infectious disease. Using compatible host-parasite combinations, we experimentally exclude variation in the ability of a parasite to penetrate the host, from measures of parasite clearance, the reduction in host fecundity and the proliferation of the parasite. We show how parasite resistance consists of two components that vary in environmental sensitivity, how the maternal environment influences all measured aspects of the within-host infection process and how host-parasite interactions following the penetration of the parasite into the host have a distinct temporal component.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disentangling the influence of parasite genotype, host genotype and maternal environment on different stages of bacterial infection in Daphnia magna

Hall

Ebert

2012

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…Although host immune resistance has a genetic basis (Wakelin and Apanius 1997; Roulin et al 2007), individuals in poor condition have fewer resources to allocate to costly defense mechanisms (Sheldon and Verhulst 1996;Norris and Evans 2000;Alonso-Alvarez and Tella 2001;Martin et al 2006). Therefore, individuals in poor condition are thought to be phenotypically less resistant than their genotype might otherwise suggest (Agnew and Koella 1999;Lambrechts et al 2006; but see Krist et al 2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

What Makes a Host Profitable? Parasites Balance Host Nutritive Resources against Immunity

Bize

Jeanneret

Klopfenstein

et al. 2008

The American Naturalist

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Numerous host qualities can modulate parasite fitness, and among these, host nutritive resources and immunity are of prime importance. Indeed, parasite fitness increases with the amount of nutritive resources extracted from the host body and decreases with host immune response. To maximize fitness, parasites have therefore to balance these two host components. Yet, because host nutritive resources and immunity both increase with host body condition, it is unclear whether parasites perform better on hosts in prime, intermediate, or poor condition. We investigated blood meal size and survival of the ectoparasitic louse fly Crataerina melbae in relation to body condition and cutaneous immune response of their Alpine swift (Apus melba) nestling hosts. Louse flies took a smaller blood meal and lived a shorter period of time when feeding on nestlings that were experimentally food deprived or had their cutaneous immune response boosted with methionine. Consistent with these results, louse fly survival was the highest when feeding on nonexperimental nestlings in intermediate body condition. Our findings emphasize that although hosts in poor condition had a reduced immunocompetence, parasites may have avoided them because individuals in poor condition did not provide adequate resources. These findings highlight the fact that giving host immunocompetence primary consideration can result in a biased appraisal of host-parasite interactions.

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“…We did not measure EIP in our study as we dissected salivary glands at a single time point during infection. However, differences in parasite replication rate due to the influence of temperature, for example, are known to affect length of the EIP, with important consequences for vectorial capacity [4,10] We are not aware of any studies exploring the effects of mosquito condition (larval through to adult) on malaria parasite development but nutritionally-dependent parasite replication has been observed in other invertebrate-parasite systems [30,[80][81][82]. If EIP is affected by mosquito condition, this could add to the influence of larval habitat on malaria transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capacity of mosquitoes to transmit malaria depends on larval environment

Moller-Jacobs

Murdock

Thomas

2014

Parasites & Vectors

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Background: Adult traits of holometabolous insects such as reproduction and survival can be shaped by conditions experienced during larval development. These "carry-over" effects influence not only individual life history and fitness, but can also impact interactions between insect hosts and parasites. Despite this, the implications of larval conditions for the transmission of human, wildlife and plant diseases that are vectored by insects remain poorly understood. Methods: We used Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes and the rodent malaria, Plasmodium yoelii yoelii, to investigate whether quality of larval habitat influenced vectorial capacity of adult mosquitoes. Larvae were reared under two dietary conditions; one group received a diet commonly used for colony maintenance (0.3 mg/individual/day of Tetrafin fish food) while the other group received a reduced food diet (0.1 mg/individual/day). Upon emergence, adults were provided an infectious blood feed. We assessed the effects of diet on a range of larval and adult traits including larval development times and survival, number of emerging adults, adult body size and survival, gonotrophic cycle length, and mating success. We also estimated the effects of larval diet on parasite infection rates and growth kinetics within the adult mosquitoes. Results: Larval dietary regime affected larval survival and development, as well as size, reproductive success and survival of adult mosquitoes. Larval diet also affected the intensity of initial Plasmodium infection (oocyst stage) and parasite replication, but without differences in overall infection prevalence at either the oocyst or sporozoite stage. Conclusions: Together, the combined effects led to a relative reduction in vectorial capacity (a measure of the transmission potential of a mosquito population) in the low food treatment of 70%. This study highlights the need to consider environmental variation at the larval stages to better understand transmission dynamics and control of vectorborne diseases.

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Effects of host condition on susceptibility to infection, parasite developmental rate, and parasite transmission in a snail–trematode interaction

Cited by 83 publications

References 20 publications

Disentangling the influence of parasite genotype, host genotype and maternal environment on different stages of bacterial infection in Daphnia magna

Disentangling the influence of parasite genotype, host genotype and maternal environment on different stages of bacterial infection in Daphnia magna

What Makes a Host Profitable? Parasites Balance Host Nutritive Resources against Immunity

Capacity of mosquitoes to transmit malaria depends on larval environment

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