Effects of Idol Immersion on the Water Quality Parameters of Indian Water Bodies: Environmental Health Perspectives

Abstract

India is a rich cultural country in which diverse cultural and religious festivals are organized. Idol is an image of a god which is used as an object of worship. After worshipped, these idols are immersed into water bodies. Idols are constructed by plaster of paris, clay, cloths, small iron rods, bamboo and decorated with different paints such as varnish, water colors etc. which can lead to significant alteration in the water quality after immersion. Paints which are used to colour these idols contains various heavy metals such as Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic, Zinc, Chromium and Lead. Particularly, red, blue, orange and green colours contain mercury, zinc oxide, chromium and lead, which are potent carcinogens. Two heavy metals such as Lead and Chromium also add in the water bodies through Sindoor (a traditional red colored cosmetic powder, usually worn by married women and often used in the festivals). The floating materials released through idol in the river and lake after decomposition result in eutrophication, increase in acidity and heavy metal concentration. Heavy metal pollution caused by idol immersion can damage the ecosystem as it kills fishes, damages plants, blocks the natural flow of the water, causing stagnation. The effects of idol immersion on various water bodies of India like Bhoj wetland, Budhabalanga river, Ganges river, Hussainsagar lake, Kolar river, Sarayu river, Tapi river, Chhatri lake, north and west lakes of Bangalore and Yamuna river have been observed so far. Investigations were carried out to find out the effects of immersion of idols on water quality by collecting and analyzing the water samples from the immersion sites of the rivers. The samplings were done before the immersion, on the day of immersion and after the event and several parameters like Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, BOD, Dissolved CO2, Conductivity, Salinity, Alkalinity, TDS, Total Hardness, Chlorides etc. are estimated. Most of the studies found significant changes in the water quality parameters during and after immersions. Central Pollution Control Board has formulated guidelines on the practice of idol immersion in water bodies, which should be followed for controlling pollution

Religiosity, Spirituality or Environmental Consciousness? Analysing Determinants of Pro-environmental Religious Practices

“…A limited amount of empirical research has focused on the potential influence of beliefs and values as a predictor of pro-environmental behaviour in India. Several studies have been conducted on exploring the role of religious rituals in the polluting environment (Bhattacharya et al, 2014; Reddy & Kumar, 2001; Saxena et al, 2020); however, limited studies intend to explore individuals’ psychological constraints in adopting pro-environmental religious practices. Our study has found a positive relationship between individual values and environmental consciousness, whereas beliefs influence it negatively.…”

“…Heavy metal pollution from idol immersion can harm ecosystems by killing fish, damaging plants and blocking the natural water flow, leading to stagnation. It also negatively impacts human health by contaminating drinking water sources and causing breathing issues, blood diseases and skin diseases (Bhattacharya et al, 2014; Saxena et al, 2020). Environmentalists advocate donating Ganesh idols or using eco-friendly immersion methods rather than immersing the idols in water.…”

Devising a people-friendly test kit for overcoming challenges in the assessment of water quality and analysis of water pollution in the river Ganga

“…The plaster of Paris used for making the idol structure contains sulfur, phosphorus, magnesium, and gypsum. The immersion of these idols increases the acidity and heavy metals level of the water 49,50,51,52 . Approximately, thousands of liters of paints and hundreds of kilograms of toxic synthetic materials are immersed in the river with the idols 52 .…”

“…The immersion of these idols increases the acidity and heavy metal levels of the water. [49][50][51][52] Approximately, thousands of liters of paint and hundreds of kilograms of toxic synthetic materials are immersed in the river with the idols. 52 Plastic and polystyrene are not soluble; therefore, it also gets accumulated at the banks of the river and hampers the natural ow of water.…”