Effects of Incorporating Banana Skin Powder (BSP) and Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) on Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Foamed Concrete

Abstract

This paper presents the effects of agricultural wastes on the mechanical properties of lightweight foamed concrete, LFC. The agricultural wastes utilized in this research are banana skin powder (BSP) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as cement and sand replacement, respectively. Physical and chemical tests were conducted to determine the chemical composition and particle size of both BSP and POFA. These chemical and physical properties of the raw materials are important in understanding the effects they have on the mechanical properties of lightweight foamed concrete incorporating BSP and POFA, which is designated as LFC-BSP-POFA. Cube, cylindrical, and prism specimens of LFC-BSP-POFA with density of 1800kg/m³ were cast and tested to determine its compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and flexural strength. Twelve (12) LFC-BSP-POFA mixtures were prepared with content of BSP as cement replacement of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1% by weight. For each mixture, the content of POFA as sand replacement are 0% and 15%. It was found that BSP and POFA each contain 55.98% and 51.83% silicon dioxide, and 2.71% and 2.32% aluminum oxide, respectively. The particle size for these two materials as obtained from PSA test showed that both materials are considered as fine particles, which is within 0.1µm to 250 µm. These chemical composition and particle size of BSP and POFA contribute to the pozzolanic reaction in LFC. This is proven by the results obtained from the mechanical properties tests which show that the incorporation of both BSP and POFA as cement and sand replacement have some significant effects on the mechanical properties of LFC. The increase percentage of BSP and POFA incorporated in LFC had shown slight increment in its mechanical properties.

Methodological review: Socio-cultural analysis criteria for BIM modeling and material passport tracking of agriwaste as a building construction raw material

“…[7][8][9][10][11] Banana peels have been identified in previous studies as having multiple applications as a building material. [12][13][14][15][16][17] Details on the building applications can be found in the section on hyper-local regional planning. The influence of socio-cultural preferences on the availability of waste feedstock supply is highlighted as opportunities for future research.…”

“…13 Banana peels in the form of activated carbon, banana skin powder, and fiber-based biocomposites can be used as structural improvement compounds in cementitious materials such as clay, Portland cement, and lightweight foam concrete, as well as in 3D printing materials such as polylactic acid (PLA) plastic or carbon nanotubes for high-performance energy storage and supercapacitors. 12,[14][15][16][17] Previous techno-economic research on polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolymers derived from different types of animal processing waste revealed production cost ranging between 1.41 and 1.64 €/kg. 119 Investment payback time ranged between 3.25 and 4.5 years depending on fluctuations in demand and the feasibility of creating co-products.…”

Transforming Municipal Solid Waste into Construction Materials

“…It is expected that, with the growing population and increased rate of agricultural productivity [32], the organic waste supply will be ever more present. The interest in turning agricultural by-products (organic waste) into construction material is, however, nothing new [33][34][35][36][37]. There are many agri-waste-based building products that have successfully made their way into the construction industry [35,[37][38][39], and the research and development in the area are continuing [39].…”

“…These include material workability, strength, durability, thermal properties and acoustic insulation properties. Typical waste materials that have been investigated include rice husk [37], ground coffee waste [42], banana skin [34], coconut shell [38], coconut (Cocos nucifera) and durian (Durio zibethinus) fibres [43], wood fibre waste [44,45], cellulose primary sludge generated on paper and pulp mills [46], lignocellulite waste [47], sisal fibres [48], wool fibres [49] and carpet fibre [50]. Some investigators have considered human hair fibre [51] as additive cement-based products to improve the engineering properties of construction materials [51,52].…”

Performance Properties Optimization of Triaxial CeramicPalm Oil Fuel Ash by Employing Taguchi Grey Relational Analysis

“…Also, this POFA has been explored in concrete application. In the literature, POFA has been applied as a filler and pozzolanic material to increase the strength of polymer concrete [11][12][13][14] Recently, POFA has also been reported as an additive material in cement to reduce the shielding of electromagnet interference [15][16][17][18]. Previously, POFA was explored briefly in ceramic applications, where the potential of POFA was initially studied in terms of POFA layers [19].…”