Effects of Insulin and Amino Acids on Milk Protein Concentration and Yield from Dairy Cows

Mackle, T.R.; Dwyer, D.A.; Ingvartsen, Klaus Lønne; Chouinard, P.Y.; Lynch, J.M.; Barbano, D.M.; Bauman, Dale E.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75378-6

Cited by 82 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Increasing the starch concentration also may increase microbial protein production, thereby increasing milk protein yield, similar to results reported by Grum et al (1996). Additionally, increases in insulin concentration are associated with increased milk protein yield and concentration (McGuire et al, 1995;Griinari et al, 1997;Mackle et al, 1999), perhaps due to the effects of insulin on the activation cascade for milk protein synthesis (Winkelman and Overton, 2013) or other unknown mechanisms. The HFF treatment increased milk fat yield through an increase in palmitic acid in milk fat, similar to results observed by Lock et al (2013) and Piantoni et al (2013); these studies substituted a palmitic acid source for soyhulls and diets were not isocaloric.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Effects of partly replacing dietary starch with fiber and fat on milk production and energy partitioning

Boerman

Potts

VandeHaar

et al. 2015

Journal of Dairy Science

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The effects of partly replacing dietary starch with fiber and fat to provide a diet with similar net energy for lactation (NEL) density on yields of milk and milk components and on energy partitioning were evaluated in a crossover design experiment. Holstein cows (n = 32; 109 ± 22 d in milk, mean ± standard deviation) were randomly assigned to treatment sequence. Treatments were a high-starch diet containing 33% corn grain (mixture of dry ground and high-moisture corn; HS) or a high-fiber, high-fat diet containing 2.5% palmitic acid-enriched fatty acid (FA) supplement (HFF). Diets contained corn silage, alfalfa silage, and wheat straw as forage sources; HS contained 32% starch, 3.2% FA, and 25% neutral detergent fiber, whereas HFF contained 16% starch, 5.4% FA, and 33% neutral detergent fiber. Compared with HS, the HFF treatment reduced milk yield, milk protein concentration, and milk protein yield, but increased milk fat concentration, milk fat yield, milk energy output, and milk to feed ratio (energy-corrected milk/dry matter intake). The HFF treatment reduced the yield of de novo synthesized (< 16-carbon) milk FA and increased the yield of 16-carbon milk FA. Yield of preformed (> 16-carbon) milk FA was not different. The HFF treatment increased plasma concentrations of triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids, but decreased plasma concentration of insulin. Compared with HS, the HFF treatment reduced body weight gain, change in body condition score, and fat thickness over the rump and rib. Calculated body energy gain, as a fraction of NEL use, was less for HFF than HS, whereas milk energy as a fraction of NEL use was increased for HFF. We concluded that the 2 treatments resulted in similar apparent NEL densities and intakes, but the HS treatment partitioned more energy toward body gain whereas the HFF treatment partitioned more energy toward milk. A high-fiber, high-fat diet might diminish the incidence of over conditioning in mid-lactation cows while maintaining high milk production.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Effects of partly replacing dietary starch with fiber and fat on milk production and energy partitioning

Boerman

Potts

VandeHaar

et al. 2015

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…The higher dietary starch in the CG treatment would likely cause an increase in insulin concentrations, and insulin seems to play either a direct or indirect role in milk protein synthesis (Griinari et al, 1997;Mackle et al, 1999;Arriola Apelo et al, 2014). Additionally, the lower dietary starch in the SH treatment may have reduced microbial protein and, in turn, the amount of protein available for milk protein synthesis (Weiss et al, 2011); however, treatment differences in fermentable OM are not known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Milk production responses to a change in dietary starch concentration vary by production level in dairy cattle

Boerman

Potts

VandeHaar

et al. 2015

Journal of Dairy Science

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The effects of dietary starch concentration on yield of milk and milk components were evaluated in a crossover design experiment. Holstein cows (n=32; 115±22 d in milk) with a wide range in milk yield (28 to 62kg/d) were assigned randomly within level of milk yield to a treatment sequence. Treatments were diets containing 30% dry ground corn (CG) or 30% soyhulls (SH) on a DM basis. Diets containing corn silage and alfalfa silage were formulated to contain 16% crude protein, 24% forage neutral detergent fiber, and either 27 or 44% neutral detergent fiber and 30 or 12% starch for CG and SH, respectively. Cows were fed a diet intermediate to the treatments during a preliminary 14-d period. Treatment periods were 28 d with measurements taken throughout the period for energy calculations and the final 5 d used for data and sample collection for production variables. Compared with SH, CG increased dry matter intake, and yields of milk, milk protein, milk fat, and energy-corrected milk, as well as milk protein concentration. Treatment did not affect milk fat concentration. Yield of de novo synthesized and preformed milk fatty acids increased with CG. Treatment interacted with level of preliminary milk production for several response variables (yields of milk, milk protein, milk fat, energy-corrected milk, and 3.5% fat-corrected milk). Compared with SH, the CG treatment increased energy-corrected milk in higher-producing cows with a lesser response to CG as milk yield decreased. The CG treatment increased milk:feed compared with the SH treatment, but not body weight or body condition score. In conclusion, higher-producing cows benefited from the high-starch diet, and lower-producing cows were able to maintain production when most of the starch was replaced with nonforage fiber.

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“…Tripling essential AA concentrations in the arterial supply of the mammary glands only increased milk protein yields by 13% . Infusing insulin i.v., with glucose to maintain glycemia, increased milk protein yields despite a drop in circulating AA concentrations (McGuire et al 1995;Mackle et al 1999b;Bequette et al 2001). Milk lactose yield was unchanged with a 1.8-fold increase in arterial glucose concentration .…”

Section: Mammary Blood Flowmentioning

confidence: 88%

Responses of the bovine mammary glands to absorptive supply of single amino acids

Cant¹,

Berthiaume²,

Lapierre³

et al. 2003

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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Responses of the bovine mammary glands to absorptive supply of single amino acids. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 83: [341][342][343][344][345][346][347][348][349][350][351][352][353][354][355]. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of responses of various tissues of the lactating dairy cow, particularly the mammary glands, to perturbations in supply of single amino acids that result in observed milk protein yields. Additions of methionine, lysine, histidine or leucine to the absorptive supply cause arterial concentrations of these amino acids to increase, mammary extractions to drop and mammary blood flow to decrease. Single subtractions of essential amino acids have the opposite effect. Changes in mammary blood flow that have been recorded can be explained as attempts by the mammary glands to restore intracellular ATP balance in the face of altered concentrations of energy metabolites in the general circulation. In a quantitative sense, milk protein yield is relatively insensitive to fluctuations in arterial amino acid concentrations but can be stimulated by any one of a number of amino acids. In this context, it is suggested that the designation of a limiting amino acid is not appropriate to the purpose of predicting milk protein yield. Rather, milk protein synthesis appears to operate at a predetermined rate set by external communications of milk withdrawal rate, physiological state and overall nutritional status. Utilization of amino acids (AA) by splanchnic and peripheral tissues, in coordination with the mammary setpoint, offsets imperfections in the dietary AA supply. How strongly an individual AA influences the mammary setpoint, arterial concentrations of energy metabolites, and mammary AA transport capacity will determine the magnitude of the milk protein yield response when its absorptive supply is changed. Dans cet article, les auteurs examinent comment certains tissus de la vache laitière en lactation, principalement la glande mammaire, réagissent à une modification de l'apport de certains acides aminés entraînant un changement du rendement du lait en protéines. L'addition de méthionine, de lysine, d'histidine ou de leucine aux acides aminés absorbés augmente leur concentration dans le sang artériel et la diminue dans les sécrétions et le sang de la glande mammaire. La soustraction d'un de ces acides aminés a l'effet contraire. On explique les variations observées au niveau de la circulation sanguine dans la glande mammaire par les efforts que cette dernière déploie pour rétablir l'équilibre de l'ATP après modification de la quantité de métabolites porteurs d'énergie dans la circulation générale. Sur le plan quantitatif, le rendement du lait en protéines est relativement insensible aux fluctuations de la concentration d'acides aminés dans le sang artériel, mais il est stimulé par plusieurs acides aminés. On estime qu'il est impossible de prévoir le rendement du lait en protéines à partir d'un acide aminé limitant. En effet, les protéines laitières semblent être synthétisées à un taux préétabli par les rappo...

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Effects of Insulin and Amino Acids on Milk Protein Concentration and Yield from Dairy Cows

Cited by 82 publications

References 34 publications

Effects of partly replacing dietary starch with fiber and fat on milk production and energy partitioning

Effects of partly replacing dietary starch with fiber and fat on milk production and energy partitioning

Milk production responses to a change in dietary starch concentration vary by production level in dairy cattle

Responses of the bovine mammary glands to absorptive supply of single amino acids

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