Effects of irrelevant color changes on speed of visual recognition following short retention intervals.

Kroll, Neal E. A.; Kellicutt, M. H.; Berrian, Raymond W.; Kreisler, A.

doi:10.1037/h0036835

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Since accuracy was achieved matching from hues of equal brightness at these delays, the persistence of either rod or cone activity (Sakitt & Long, 1978) would not suffice. Although a short-term memory study involving both colors and words reported a loss of the color information after .8 sec (Well & Green, 1972), others have found that such loss did not occur even after 8 sec when the subjects were instructed to attend to the colors (Kroll, Kellicutt, Berrian, & Kreisler, 1974). The importance of attention to the stimuli themselves indicates that memory depends on how carefully the hues are observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed monochromatic hue matches indicate characteristics of visual memory.

Nilsson¹,

Nelson²

1981

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Short-term memory for 16 monochromatic hues from 425 to 640 nm was measured after six delays from .1 to 24.3 sec by means of an iterative, momentary stimulus-matching technique. Small shifts were revealed in the remembered hue produced by certain wavelengths at some delays. These shifts did not follow trends consistent with a storage dependent on sensory pathway characteristics, perceptually unique hues, or semantic encoding but may reflect entropic effects in a storage that is remarkably unbiased. By indicating the discriminability of hues in memory, standard deviations of the delayed matches reveal other characteristics of what is stored: Their smooth, exponential growth questions the existence of "levels" and permits estimating the half-life of hue memory; their continued resemblance to the discrimination function for simultaneously perceived hues suggests that the stored activity; closely resembled the sensory response of color. The results also indicate how successive comparisons may be corrected in applied color work.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed monochromatic hue matches indicate characteristics of visual memory.

Nilsson¹,

Nelson²

1981

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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“…By the dual code hypothesis, increasing the time delay between letter presentations increases the likelihood that all matches will be based on comparison of name codes, either because the visual information has decayed (Posner et al, 1969;Posner & Keele, 1967) or because of increased accessibility of the name codes (Baddeley, 1976;Phillips & Baddeley, 1971). This view has been challenged, however, by studies (Kroll, Kellicut, Berrian, & Kriesler, 1974;Kroll & Parks, 1978;Parks & Kroll, 1975) which suggest that the convergence of the mean response times for the two types of matches results from generation of a visual code of the alternative form of the letter. According to this suggestion, convergence is not necessarily viewed as further evidence for a visual and a name code.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Matching performance and the similarity structure of the stimulus set.

Crist¹

1981

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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To compare two general approaches toward understanding how objects are classified, this article explores performance in a series of studies that required matching visually presented letters. One general approach has stressed the analysis of details or elements of the input pattern. The other approach has focused on the relationships between the various elements and objects that the observer might expect to occur in the task. In empirical support of the first approach, many researchers have observed that the time it takes a subject to report that two visually presented letters have the same name is less when these letters are physically identical (e.g., A-A) than when they are physically different (e.g., A-a). This relative ease of matching physically identical letters has been attributed to a visual process that matches the letters on the basis of their physical characteristics. In support of the second approach, the studies in this article replicate this finding, but only for data averaged across letter parts. The data from individual letter pairs do not reflect this temporal hierarchy. Individual letter performance for an entire set of letters has not previously been reported, and the importance of analyzing fine structure in data is stressed. It is shown that physical identity matches can be reliably faster or slower than name identity matches. The similarity structure of the total stimulus set reliably predicts which result will occur. Within the limits of the variables studied, this conclusion is shown to be independent of the criterion for the type of match the subject is asked to make (physical identity or name identity) and of the temporal and physical separation of the letters. The readiness with which the presented stimuli can be discriminated from other members of the stimulus set controls performance. For example, as Experiment 1 shows, it is easy or difficult to report o-o as "same" depending on what other letters are used in the task. Lockhead's holistic-discriminability model provides a framework for interpreting these demonstrations that matching performance does not depend only on the stimuli physically present. Performance depends on the similarity or discriminability between the presented stimuli and other stimuli the observers know might be presented.

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“…In addition to the studies that have examined effects of visual similarity by varying relevant attributes (form), studies have been conducted in which irrelevant attributes such as size (Larsen & Bundesen, 1978) and color (Kroll, Kellicutt, Berrian, & Kreisler, 1974) differ between stimuli that are to be classified as same. These studies have also shown that at short interstimulus intervals, same responses to stimuli that differ on the irrelevant dimension are slower than to stimuli that are identical on all dimensions.…”

Section: Irrelevant Visual Attributesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A unified theory for matching-task phenomena.

Proctor¹

1981

Psychological Review

247

272

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Studies of perceptual and cognitive matching often find (a) that same judgments are faster than different judgments (the same-different disparity) and (b) that same judgments to physically identical stimuli are faster than those to nominally identical, but physically dissimilar, stimuli (the name-physical disparity). The most widely accepted explanations of these phenomena propose quite different bases for them. The present article develops a single theoretical framework that accounts for both phenomena. Three processes are shown to contribute to the reaction time differences for single-letter pairs: the level of processing at which the match is performed, facilitation in the rate at which repeated stimuli are encoded, and inhibition that occurs when competing name codes are activated. The inhibitory process contributes to both simultaneous and sequential matches. Level of processing, however, contributes only to simultaneous matches, whereas the facilitory process contributes only to sequential matches. The theoretical framework that is developed accounts for the majority of data that have been obtained regarding the same-different and name-physical disparities. Several findings are reinterpreted in terms of the theory. More importantly, the theory serves an integrative role. The relationship between the same-different disparity and the name-physical disparity is clarified, and a wide range of additional phenomena obtained with the matching task are organized within the framework. The theory also relates the matching-task phenomena to more general processing principles apparent in other areas of research.Perceptual and cognitive matching tasks range of issues. These include not only issues have received extensive use in recent years regarding the underlying processes involved (see Nickerson, 1972;Posner, 1978). Such in matching two stimuli (e.g., Krueger, tasks involve either simultaneous or sequen-1978;Miller, 1978; Posner & Mitchell, tial presentation of pairs of stimuli that sub-1967) but also issues of a more general najects judge to be the same or different ac-ture, such as differences in the processing cording to criteria set by the experimenter, of familiar and unfamiliar stimuli (e.g., Am-The dependent variable most commonly bier & Proctor, 1976), attentional demands measured is the time to respond appropri-of processing (e.g., Posner & Boies, 1971; ately to each stimulus pair. Proctor & Fisicaro, 1977), mental manipu-Variations of the matching task have lation of visual patterns (e.g., Metzler & proved to be useful in examining a wide Shepard, 1974), and short-term retention of visual information (e.g., Posner, Boies, Ei-I would like to thank Cecilia Champion and Steve chelman, & Taylor, 1969). Welch for their assistance in conducting the experiments Despite the Wide variety of research conreported in this article. I am particularly grateful to ducted with the matching task, there has Janet Proctor for her careful critiques of the manuscript been little agreement regarding the exact "itaSSR reprints sh...

show abstract

Effects of irrelevant color changes on speed of visual recognition following short retention intervals.

Cited by 21 publications

References 18 publications

Delayed monochromatic hue matches indicate characteristics of visual memory.

Delayed monochromatic hue matches indicate characteristics of visual memory.

Matching performance and the similarity structure of the stimulus set.

A unified theory for matching-task phenomena.

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