Effects of joint flexibility on the behavior of steel frames

Second-order analysis and design of imperfect composite beam–columns

“…For composite columns, the equivalent flexural stiffness can be taken according to each design code. In this study, the flexural stiffness equation from Eurocode 4 [2] is used, EI = 0.9(E a I a + E s I s + 0.5E cm I c ), (11) in which E a , E s , and E cm are the Young's modulus of elasticity of structural steel, reinforcement and concrete. And I a , I s and I c are the second moments of area of the structural steel section, the reinforcement and the uncracked concrete section.…”

“…Different expressions for the tangent and secant stiffness matrices and the method of calculating the element displacements and the rotations for second-order analysis have been proposed by many researchers; these include the cubic Hermite function [9], stability function [10] and [11] and pointwise equilibrium polynomial (PEP) function [12]. The pointwise equilibrium polynomial (PEP) element has been used in most of the authors' previous work because of its simplicity and computational stability and efficiency which allows modeling by one element per member.…”

Refined spatial beam-column element for second-order analysis of lattice shell structure

“…However, the displacement interpolation functions of the compression element are different from those of the tension element, and the calculation is relatively complicated. Chen [12], Goto [13] and Liew [14] used Taylor series to simplify the displacement interpolation functions of the spatial beam-column element, but the calculation result is markedly different in the case that the element carries quite small axial force. Li [15] proposed element stiffness matrix considering the effects of geometric nonlinearity, material nonlinearity and shear deformation.…”

Validation of Csd Advanced Analysis of Braced Frame Responses Using Subframe Experimental Investigations

“…An overview of joint behaviour research has been summarized in [5]. Classical methods of analysis were then expanded to take into account joint flexibility for limit state predictions [6,7]. Since refined plastic hinge methods of analysis take into account geometric nonlinearity and the influence of imperfections and joint deformability, they are referred to as advanced methods of analysis.…”