“…The LODs of 2, 31, 21, 35, 49, 67, 43, 20 and 18 mg kg −1 for Ba, Cu, Eu, La, Lu, Ni, Ti, Y and Yb, respectively, were significantly better than the values (10, 133, 102, 175, 262, 356, 246, 158 and 105 mg kg −1 , respectively) achievable using conventional LIBS. An alternative approach involved 202 addition of 15% KI to soil samples to increase plasma temperature and electron density. The new technique of multidimensional plasma grating-induced breakdown spectroscopy also improved 203 emission intensities ( ca.…”