Effects of long term sublethal Cd exposure in rainbow trout during soft water exposure: implications for biotic ligand modelling

Essential metal (Cu, Zn) exposures alter the activity of ATPases in gill, kidney and muscle of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

“…Recently, we also studied the effects of water hardness on metal uptake in tissues of O. niloticus and found that metal uptake is significantly higher in soft water compared to hard water (unpublished data). There are also data in the literature indicating water hardness affect metal uptake by fish, namely metal uptake is higher in soft water (Pratap and Wendelaar Bonga 1993;Hollis et al 2000;Ebrahimpour et al 2010). The tap water used in the present study is considerably hard (340 ± 29 mg CaCO 3 /l), thus the effects observed in the present study might be much higher if softer water was used in the exposure medium.…”

Precautions in the use of 110mAg as a tracer of silver metabolism in ecotoxicology: Preferential bioconcentration of 109Cd by trout gills after 110mAg exposure

“…From the above theoretical analyses, the absolute concentration of cadmium in the exposure water was calculated to be less than 100 ng/L, which is lower than cadmium concentrations previously reported to have no or very little effect on rainbow trout even during chronic exposure in soft water [6]. In contrast, the radioactivity of 109 Cd in trout gills could be as much as seven times higher than the corresponding 110m Ag radioactivity, equivalent to an approximately 345 times higher absolute mass concentration measured in normalized weight units (ng/g dry wt).…”

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“…The water hardness, altered largely by Ca +2 levels of water, can affect fish physiology, bioavailability, uptake and toxicity of metals in fish. Metal bioavailability generally decreases when the conductivity of water increases, indicating the negative relationship between metal toxicity and the conductivity (Verbost et al, 1989;Hollis et al, 2000;Ebrahimpour et al, 2010;Dogan et al, 2014). Thus, the present study was carried out to understand better the response of the osmoregulation system of O. concentrations.…”

“…Previous studies have shown that Pb 2+ causes disruption of Na + , Cl -and Ca 2+ regulation and disruption in hemoglobin synthesis (Hodson et al, 1978;Rogers et al, 2003Rogers et al, , 2005Rogers and Wood, 2004 , by which this metal directly competes with Ca 2+ for uptake at calcium binding sites and can enter the cells through similar transport pathways (Verbost et al, 1987(Verbost et al, , 1989Spry and Wood, 1985;Rainbow and Blackmore, 2001). Similarly, waterborne Ca 2+ has a marked protective effect against waterborne Cd 2+ toxicity to brook trout (Carrol et al, 1979), tilapia (Pratap et al, 1989;Pratap and Wendelaar Bonga, 1993) and rainbow trout (Hollis et al, 2000;Hansen et al, 2002;Baldisserotto et al, 2005). Our previous study showed that there were exposure dependent decreases in the branchial Na + /K + -ATPase activity in the tissues of Tilapia zillii exposed to Cu 2+ and Pb 2+ (Ay et al, 1999).…”