Effects of Long-Term Surfing on Bone Health in Mature-Aged Males

Climstein, Mike; Pollard, Zachary; Furness, James; Walsh, Joe; McLellan, Chris; Meerkin, Jarrod D.

doi:10.1123/ijare.2014-0069

Cited by 4 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…As a sport it is synonymous with an outdoor lifestyle and the beach culture. Millions participate in the sport worldwide with more than 2.7 million in Australia alone (Climstein, Pollard, Furness, Walsh & McLellan, 2015). At the highest skill level a professional World Tour is run by the World Surf League (WSL) for both males and females.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measures of Fluid Loss during Surfing: A Preliminary Analysis in Recreational Surfers

Meir¹,

Crowley-McHattan²,

Brooks³

et al. 2019

IJARE

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Surfing is a popular sport, but little is known about the extent to which recreational surfers experience fluid loss from this activity. The principal objective of this research was to estimate fluid loss during a surfing session through changes in pre-to post-session urine color (Ucol), urine osmolality (Uosm), and body mass (BM). Data were collected from 11 recreational surfers across 14 surf sessions conducted under various environmental (mean water temperature = 22.1 SD ± 2.3; range = 20-26 o C; air temperature range = 13.1-31.5 o C; relative humidity range = 37.5-88.1%) and surfing conditions (e.g. winter/summer, wave type, location, environmental and water conditions). Linear mixed effects models indicated that participants experienced significant pre-to post-session changes in BM (p < 0.001), but not in Ucol or Uosm. These findings suggested that recreational surfers may experience fluid loss (measured by pre-to post-surfing BM) that may impact on their performance and health, and therefore they should adopt a hydration strategy to minimize this impact.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measures of Fluid Loss during Surfing: A Preliminary Analysis in Recreational Surfers

Meir¹,

Crowley-McHattan²,

Brooks³

et al. 2019

IJARE

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“…P1NP also has a shorter response time than other popular bone formation markers 22. In addition to this, these biomarkers have recently been assessed in older surfers 10…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is possible that these additional actions, requiring considerable muscle exertions, enhance the stimulus to bone applied during a surfing session. Only one study has previously investigated bone health in surfers,10 and findings suggested that surfing may be advantageous for bone. However, this study had a small sample size and did not utilize standard clinical site testing (ie, femur and lumbar spine [LS]) for bone health; however, it suggests more data are required to examine the association.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Bone health of middle-aged and older surfers</p>

Simas¹,

Hing²,

Rathbone³

et al. 2019

OAJSM

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PurposeGiven the lack of research investigating surfing and bone health, we aimed to assess the bone mineral density (BMD) of middle-aged and older surfers.Patients and methodsIn a cross-sectional observational design, we compared a group of middle-aged and older surfers to a group of non-surfers, age- and sex-matched controls. Participants were males, aged between 50 and 75 years. Volunteers were assessed for body mass index, bone-specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ) scores, daily calcium intake, and alcohol intake. Primary outcomes included BMD at the femur and lumbar spine (LS), and T-score, assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone biomarkers were also analyzed.ResultsA total of 104 participants (59 surfers and 45 controls) were assessed. Groups were similar with regards to all demographic characteristics except for percentage of lean mass (higher in surfers, mean difference [MD] +2.57%; 95% CI 0.05–5.09; p=0.046) and current BPAQ score (lower in surfers; MD −0.967; 95% CI −0.395 to −1.539; p=0.001). Surfers had a mean surfing experience of 41.2 (SD ±11.8) years and mean surfing exposure of 26.9 (SD ±15.0) hours/month. Controls were divided into two groups, according to their main physical activity: weight-bearing/high intensity (WBHI) and non-weight-bearing/low intensity (NWBLI). When compared to NWBLI controls, surfers had higher LS BMD (MD +0.064; 95% CI 0.002–0.126; p=0.041) and higher T-score (MD +0.40; 95% CI 0.01–0.80; p=0.042); however, surfers had a lower T-score than the WBHI group (MD −0.52; 95% CI −0.02 to −1.0; p=0.039). No other differences were found between groups.ConclusionThe findings of this study support our hypothesis that regular surfing may be an effective physical activity for middle-aged and older men to decrease bone deterioration related to aging, as we identified positive results for surfers in relation to primary outcomes.

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“…The DXA was calibrated daily prior to any scans using a phantom as per manufacturer’s guidelines. The machine used for the study has previously been found to produce very high reliability for BMD (0.998), lean mass (0.989) and fat mass (0.995) ( Climstein et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous studies a variety of statistical analysis methods have been undertaken including intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), percentage change and Pearson correlations to assess the reliability of the DXA, all of which have found DXA to be reliable ( Bilsborough et al, 2014 ; Climstein et al, 2015 ; Colyer et al, 2016 ; Covey, Berry & Hacker, 2010 ; Covey et al, 2008 ; Kerr et al, 2016 ; Lohman et al, 2009 ; Moon et al, 2013 ; Nana et al, 2012 ; Nana et al, 2013 ; Smith-Ryan et al, 2017 ). However higher reliability is found in studies that account for biological and technical errors, especially the use of a reproducible positioning protocol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the level of agreement of two positioning protocols when using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in the assessment of body composition

Shiel

Persson

Simas

et al. 2017

PeerJ

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BackgroundDual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a commonly used instrument for analysing segmental body composition (BC). The information from the scan guides the clinician in the treatment of conditions such as obesity and can be used to monitor recovery of lean mass following injury. Two commonly used DXA positioning protocols have been identified—the Nana positioning protocol and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Both protocols have been shown to be reliable. However, only one study has assessed the level of agreement between the protocols and ascertained the participants’ preference of protocol based upon comfort. Given the paucity of research in the field and the growing use of DXA in both healthy and pathological populations further research determining the most appropriate positioning protocol is warranted. Therefore, the aims of this study were to assess the level of agreement between results from the NHANES protocol and Nana protocol, and the participants’ preference of protocol based on comfort.MethodsThirty healthy participants (15 males, 15 females, aged 23–59 years) volunteered to participate in this study. These participants underwent two whole body DXA scans in a single morning (Nana positioning protocol and NHANES positioning protocol), in a randomised order. Each participant attended for scanning wearing minimal clothing and having fasted overnight, refrained from exercise in the past 24 h and voided their bladders. Level of agreement, comparing NAHNES to Nana protocol was assessed using an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and percentage change in mean. Limit of agreement comparing the two protocols were assessed using plots, mean difference and confidence limits. Participants were asked to indicate the protocol they found most comfortable.ResultsWhen assessing level of agreement between protocols both the ICC and CCC scores were very high and ranged from 0.987 to 0.997 for whole body composition, indicating excellent agreement between the Nana and NHANES protocols. Regional analysis (arms, legs, trunk) ICC scores, ranged between 0.966 and 0.996, CCC ranged between 0.964 and 0.997, change in mean percentage ranged between −0.58% and 0.37% which indicated a very high level of agreement. Limit of agreement analysis using mean difference ranged between −0.223 and 0.686 kg and 95% CL produced results ranging between −1.262 kg and 1.630 kg. The majority (80%) of participants found the NHANES positioning protocol more comfortable.DiscussionThis study reveals a strong level of agreement as illustrated by high ICC’s and CCC’s between the positioning protocols, however systematic bias within limit of agreement plot and a large difference in 95% confidence limits indicates that the protocols should not be interchanged when assessing an individual. The NHANES protocol affords greater participant comfort.

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Effects of Long-Term Surfing on Bone Health in Mature-Aged Males

Cited by 4 publications

References 28 publications

Measures of Fluid Loss during Surfing: A Preliminary Analysis in Recreational Surfers

Measures of Fluid Loss during Surfing: A Preliminary Analysis in Recreational Surfers

<p>Bone health of middle-aged and older surfers</p>

Investigating the level of agreement of two positioning protocols when using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in the assessment of body composition

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