Effects of Low Birth Weight in 8- to 13-Year-Old Children

Franco, Maria do Carmo Pinho; Christofalo, Dejaldo M. J.; Sawaya, Ana Lydia; Ajzen, Sérgio Aron; Sesso, Ricardo

doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000223446.49596.3a

Cited by 145 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 42 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…38 Similar findings were reported in later childhood and early adulthood as well. 39 Interestingly, the application of sodium nitroprusside causing endothelium-independent vasodilation does not yield differences between children with low and normal birth weight. 40 These findings suggest a crucial role for the endothelium, in particular of the nitric oxide (NO) system.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Perinatal Programming Of Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renal and extrarenal mechanisms of perinatal programming after intrauterine growth restriction

Dötsch

2009

Hypertens Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The concept of fetal programming of disease in later life after intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has opened a potential new perspective on the treatment and prevention of arterial hypertension. Numerous large studies have recently confirmed the relationship between low birth weight and raised blood pressure. Hyperalimentation after birth appears to add to the risk of higher blood pressure later in life. However, there is still a controversy and clear intervention studies have not yet been possible. Therefore, the gain of knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of fetal programming is of utmost importance.Two major groups of mechanisms may be identified: renal and extrarenal mechanisms. Renal mechanisms include the reduction of nephron number, which is encountered in patients and animals with low birth weight. According to the so-called Brenner hypothesis, this may lead to increased arterial blood pressure. Another important renal system is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which appears to be more active on a number of levels in low birth weight individuals. Finally, there is the conversion of cortisol to inactive cortisone by the 11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in distal tubule cells, which is reduced after intrauterine growth restriction. This enables a more powerful activation of mineralocorticoid receptors by cortisol. Extrarenal mechanisms include alterations in vascular structure (primary and secondary), increased activity of the sympathetic nerve system, and maybe most interestingly, an impairment of endothelial function. The latter is at least partially caused by an inactivation of nitric oxide by an excess of free oxygen radicals. In summary, mechanisms of fetal programming are only in the process of being revealed, and research has to focus on finding the key mechanism that might allow for successful intervention.

show abstract

Section: Mechanisms Of Perinatal Programming Of Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renal and extrarenal mechanisms of perinatal programming after intrauterine growth restriction

Dötsch

2009

Hypertens Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This situation has led to increased violence, undernutrition and family breakdown, along with a reduction in the level of schooling. In addition, there is considerable evidence indicating that undernutrition in early life results in harmful consequences over the long term, including obesity, CVD and diabetes (7)(8)(9)(10) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A 15-year study on the treatment of undernourished children at a nutrition rehabilitation centre (CREN), Brazil

Fernandes

Lopez

Albuquerque

et al. 2011

Public Health Nutr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: To build a life table and determine the factors related to the time of treatment of undernourished children at a nutrition rehabilitation centre (CREN), São Paulo, Brazil. Design: Nutritional status was assessed from weight-for-age, height-for-age and BMI-for-age Z-scores, while neuropsychomotor development was classified according to the milestones of childhood development. Life tables, Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox multiple regression models were employed in data analysis. Setting: CREN (Centre of Nutritional Recovery and Education), São Paulo, Brazil. Subjects: Undernourished children (n 228) from the southern slums of São Paulo who had received treatment at CREN under a day-hospital regime between the years 1994 and 2009. Results: The Kaplan-Meier curves of survival analysis showed statistically significant differences in the periods of treatment at CREN between children presenting different degrees of neuropsychomotor development (log-rank 5 6?621; P 5 0?037). Estimates based on the multivariate Cox model revealed that children aged $24 months at the time of admission exhibited a lower probability of nutritional rehabilitation (hazard ratio (HR) 5 0?49; P 5 0?046) at the end of the period compared with infants aged up 12 months. Children presenting slow development were better rehabilitated in comparison with those exhibiting adequate evolution (HR 5 4?48; P 5 0?023). No significant effects of sex, degree of undernutrition or birth weight on the probability of nutritional rehabilitation were found. Conclusions: Age and neuropsychomotor developmental status at the time of admission to CREN are critical factors in determining the duration of treatment.Undernutrition is characterised by a complex combination of factors including inadequate or insufficient ingestion of food, deficient intake of essential nutrients, unsatisfactory socio-economic conditions, unhealthy living environment, high frequency of infection and poor health care (1,2) . Evidently, the longer the exposure to such harmful factors the more damaging the consequences to the nutritional status of the individual. The height-for-age indicator reflects linear growth, and is related to long-term changes in nutritional status and overall health (3) . A deficit in this index is associated with cumulative growth retardation indicating chronic undernutrition. The problem of undernutrition is of global concern since, according to the latest FAO estimates, 925 million people ingest insufficient food to meet their minimum energy requirements, of whom 53 million live in Latin America and the Caribbean (4) . In developing countries, approximately 112 million children aged 5 years or less are affected by weight-for-age deficit and 32 % of children in this age group worldwide have been diagnosed with height-for-age deficit (2) . Indeed, height-for-age deficit is currently considered the most important nutritional problem faced by developing countries.In Brazil, 6 % of children aged less than 5 years suffer from height-for-age deficit,...

show abstract

“…Also, early onset of puberty has been related to the later appearance of hypertension, promoting the concept that the age at puberty may be a marker for growth trajectory [121]. Similarly a low birth weight has been correlated with the subsequent incidence of hypertension [122,123]. The data on the subject, however, has been conflicting and it appears the adiposity in the post natal period rather than the weight at birth shows a better correlation with the incidence of hypertension [124][125][126].…”

Section: Epigenetic -Alterations In Patterns Of Growth and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Single Initiating Cause of Hypertension; Potential for Primary Prevention

Sambhi¹

2014

J Hypertens

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Effects of Low Birth Weight in 8- to 13-Year-Old Children

Cited by 145 publications

References 42 publications

Renal and extrarenal mechanisms of perinatal programming after intrauterine growth restriction

Renal and extrarenal mechanisms of perinatal programming after intrauterine growth restriction

A 15-year study on the treatment of undernourished children at a nutrition rehabilitation centre (CREN), Brazil

A Single Initiating Cause of Hypertension; Potential for Primary Prevention

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About