Effects of low-dose contraceptive pills on the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases among 15-35-year-old women: A retrospective cohort

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular diseases could be preventable; as a result, understanding the risk factors was regarded as the major priority for healthcare providers.
 Objective: The main objective of this research was to achieve a deeper insight into the effect of long-term use of low-dose oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases.
 Materials and Methods: This research was a retrospective cohort conducted (historical and prospectively) conducted on 100 women with normal menstrual cycles aged 15 to 35 yr, who were referred to the healthcare centers in Yazd, Iran. The participants were categorized into two groups: The OCP group was consuming the pills for 3, 4-23, and 24-36 months, and the non-OCP group. Participants were followed up for a minimum of 3 months and a maximum of six months.
 Results: The highest level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), homocysteine, cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and systolic blood pressure was observed in the OCP group in the duration of 24 to 36 months. The Tukey’s test demonstrated that there were comprehensible differences in the LDL (p = 0.01), cholesterol (p = 0.01), triglyceride (p < 0.001), and homocysteine levels (p < 0.001), also systolic blood pressure (p = 0.04).
 Conclusion: It was realized that the long-term consumption of low-dose OCP can augment the incidence of some risk factors (systolic blood pressure, homocysteine levels, cholesterol, LDL-c, and triglyceride) and lead to developing cardiovascular diseases amongst the healthy women.
 Key words: Birth control pills, Homocysteine, Nitric oxide, Dyslipidemias, Coronary artery diseases.

ERICA: cardiovascular risks associated with oral contraceptive use among Brazilian adolescents

“…This study found increased odds to MetS without significance statistic and statistically significant association with hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia among OCs users, even after adjusted analysis for age, location of school, race and tobacco use. The result was in agreement with earlier findings in adult women and adolescents, 5 , 7 , 9 , 27 , 28 , 29 although an observational, matched cohort study didn't show significant associations between OC use and blood pressure changes in adolescents. 25 …”

Investigating cardiovascular risk in premenopausal women on oral contraceptives: Systematic review with meta-analysis

“…The qualitative findings of our study, as reported in Table 1, showed that the use of fourth-generation drospirenone (DRSP) OC significantly increased flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the brachial artery of the participants (43), which contrasted with the findings of other studies (49,50,61), where the use of secondgeneration levonorgestrel (LNG) and fourth-generation chlormadinone acetate (CMA) OC by the participants significantly lowered FMD when compared with non-users. However, the results of our meta-analysis suggest little to no difference in the pooled estimate for FMD in the participants on OCs when compared with non-OC users [SMD = −0.22, 95% CI (−1.12, 0.68), p = 0.63 (low certainty evidence) with a substantial level of heterogeneity (I 2 = 87%, p = 0.0004)] (Figure 3).…”

“…59-61, 65, 66), three were cohort studies (54, 57, 62), two were clinical trials (53,67), and one each was a prospective longitudinal study (46), and a case control study (58). In addition, the geographical distribution of the included studies comprised Europe (n = 6) (46, 51, 52, 58, 65, 66), North America (n = 6) (43-45, 47, 54, 57), South America (n = 6) (49,53,56,59,61,67), Asia (n = 4) (50,55,62,64), Africa (n = 2) (48, 63), and Australia (n = 1) (60).…”

Effect of a Ketogenic Diet on the Nutritional Parameters of Obese Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…In other related studies, there is evidence that the efficacy of KD is tied to sex [ 36 ]. Though TG was not expected to decrease in women taking oral contraceptives [ 37 , 38 ], its drop can be attributed to the fact that, in parallel to this group, a decrease in body weight was also observed [ 39 ]. This was manifested in BMI, a reduction in appetite and lipogenesis, and an increase in lipolysis, the energy cost of gluconeogenesis, and the thermal effect of proteins [ 40 ].…”