Effects of Magnetic Stimulation on Dental Implant Osseointegration: A Scoping Review

Abstract

This PRISMA-ScR driven scoping review aims to evaluate the influence of magnetic field stimulation on dental implant osseointegration. Seven databases were screened adopting ad-hoc strings. All clinical and preclinical studies analyzing the effects of magnetic fields on dental implant osseointegration were included. From 3124 initial items, on the basis of the eligibility criteria, 33 articles, regarding both Pulsed ElectroMagnetic Fields (PEMF) and Static magnetic Fields from permanent Magnets (SFM) were finally included and critically analyzed. In vitro studies showed a positive effect of PEMF, but contrasting effects of SFM on bone cell proliferation, whereas cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation were induced by both types of stimulation. In vivo studies showed an increased bone-to-implant contact rate in different animal models and clinical studies revealed positive effects on implant stability, under magnetic stimulation. In conclusion, although positive effects of magnetic exposure on osteogenesis activity and osseointegration emerged, this scoping review highlighted the need for further preclinical and clinical studies. More standardized designs, accurate choice of stimulation parameters, adequate methods of evaluation of the outcomes, greater sample size and longer follow-ups are needed to clearly assess the effect of magnetic fields on dental implant osseointegration.

Impact of a Static Magnetic Field on Early Osseointegration: A Pilot Study in Canines

“…This research was inspired by the increasing recognition of magnetic fields to support the process of osseointegration, which is mainly a consequence of the conserved sequence of early intramembranous bone formation, similar to what was proposed for classical primary fracture healing, in which bone ends are reconnected without the formation of a callus. Support for our research aim comes from two recent reviews that have summarized the relevant knowledge based on a large spectrum of interdisciplinary studies, suggesting a beneficial effect of static as well as pulsed electromagnetic fields on osseointegration [9,10]. Apart from all the rabbit studies [14][15][16], one dog model was applied to show that static magnets increased osseointegration parameters at 8-and 12-week observation periods [17].…”

“…Preclinical research overall supports the beneficial effects of magnetic fields with respect to osseointegration, as has been elegantly summarized in two recent reviews [9,10]. Static magnetic fields were tested for their impact on osseointegration in rats, rabbits, and dogs.…”

“…Magnetic fields have traditionally been implicated to support the natural process of bone regeneration, particularly with respect to fracture healing [7,8]. Recently, accumulating evidence has provided insights into how static magnetic fields from permanent magnets and Materials 2023, 16, 1846 2 of 11 pulsed electromagnetic fields affect the process of osseointegration of dental implants [9,10]. For instance, magnetic flux may stimulate osseointegration by increasing blood circulation and consequently enhancing the supply of oxygen and nutrients or by modulating cellular activity and signaling pathways (e.g., Wnt, MAPK signaling) relevant to bone formation [9,10].…”

“…Recently, accumulating evidence has provided insights into how static magnetic fields from permanent magnets and Materials 2023, 16, 1846 2 of 11 pulsed electromagnetic fields affect the process of osseointegration of dental implants [9,10]. For instance, magnetic flux may stimulate osseointegration by increasing blood circulation and consequently enhancing the supply of oxygen and nutrients or by modulating cellular activity and signaling pathways (e.g., Wnt, MAPK signaling) relevant to bone formation [9,10]. In a clinical study, magnetic rather than conventional healing caps increased the implant stability quotient over time [11].…”

Caerin 1.9-polycaprolactone-coated magnesium implants enhance antibacterial performance and reduce foreign body responses in Sprague-Dawley rats

“…These criteria include excellent mechanical strength (elastic modulus: 10-20 GPa), osseointegration capability, and outstanding wear and corrosion resistance and/or degradation products which are well-tolerated in the human body. Magnesium (Mg) is emerging as a promising solution as it possesses a density and modulus akin to human bones [12][13][14]. Mg and its alloys provide high speci c strength and the appropriate stiffness needed for hard tissue implants [15].…”