Effects of maize conservation techniques on the apparent total tract nutrient and mineral digestibility and microbial metabolites in the faeces of growing pigs

Humer, Elke; Wetscherek, W.; Schedle, Karl

doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.08.006

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Nevertheless, in both conservation techniques, phytate is degraded, yet the dry matter (DM) content seems to be important: In fermented maize conserves with a DM of 76% on average, phytate was reduced by 17% in maize silage and 8% in TCS–maize compared to dried maize (Humer et al., ). Maize silages with a lower DM content (70% on average) showed stronger reduction in phytate content (−33% in maize silage and −19% in TCS–maize compared to dried maize) (Humer et al., ).…”

Section: Technologies To Improve Phytate Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytate in pig and poultry nutrition

Humer

Schwarz

Schedle

2014

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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258

151

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SummaryPhosphorus (P) is primarily stored in the form of phytates in plant seeds, thus being poorly available for monogastric livestock, such as pigs and poultry. As phytate is a polyanionic molecule, it has the capacity to chelate positively charged cations, especially calcium, iron and zinc. Furthermore, it probably compromises the utilization of other dietary nutrients, including protein, starch and lipids. Reduced efficiency of utilization implies both higher levels of supplementation and increased discharge of the undigested nutrients to the environment. The enzyme phytase catalyses the stepwise hydrolysis of phytate. In respect to livestock nutrition, there are four possible sources of this enzyme available for the animals: endogenous mucosal phytase, gut microfloral phytase, plant phytase and exogenous microbial phytase. As the endogenous mucosal phytase in monogastric organisms appears incapable of hydrolysing sufficient amounts of phytate-bound P, supplementation of exogenous microbial phytase in diets is a common method to increase mineral and nutrient absorption. Plant phytase activity varies greatly among species of plants, resulting in differing gastrointestinal phytate hydrolysis in monogastric animals. Besides the supplementation of microbial phytase, processing techniques are alternative approaches to reduce phytate contents. Thus, techniques such as germination, soaking and fermentation enable activation of naturally occurring plant phytase among others. However, further research is needed to tap the potential of these technologies. The main focus herein is to review the available literature on the role of phytate in pig and poultry nutrition, its degradation throughout the gut and opportunities to enhance the utilization of P as well as other minerals and nutrients which might be complexed by phytates.

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Section: Technologies To Improve Phytate Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytate in pig and poultry nutrition

Humer

Schwarz

Schedle

2014

Animal Physiology Nutrition

Self Cite

258

151

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“…This might have contributed to a reduction in phytate-bound P content, causing increased P digestibility. Also, lactic acid in fermented diet is known to lead to a low gastric pH (Canibe and Jensen, 2003), and the acidic condition may stimulate dietary protein hydrolysis and reduce gastric emptying rate (Humer et al, 2014). This might have partially contributed to the improvement of CP digestibility in pigs fed fermented diets in the present study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Energy content and nutrient digestibility of diets containing Lactobacillus-fermented barley or wheat fed to weaned pigs

Koo

Bustamante-García²,

Nyachoti

2018

Journal of Animal Science

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This study was conducted to determine the energy content and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients of diets containing Lactobacillus-fermented barley or wheat fed to weaned pigs. Thirty-six weaned pigs (8.14 ± 0.65 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 diets in a completely randomized design to give 6 replicates per diet. Pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates to determine digestible energy and metabolizable energy contents. Net energy was also calculated from the average of 2 equations published by Noblet et al. (1994). Diets were fed at 2.5 times the maintenance energy requirement for 10 d of adaptation and 5 d of total but separate urine and fecal collection. Samples of barley or wheat were fermented for 90 d under anaerobic conditions with an inoculum of either homofermentative Lactobacillus plantarum (Homo) or heterofermentative L. buchneri (Hetero). Three diets were formulated based on either barley or wheat to consist of a control diet containing 42% unfermented grain and 2 diets containing either Homo-fermented or Hetero-fermented grain. Preplanned contrasts were used to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of fermented barley or wheat and to compare the effects of Homo-fermented with Hetero-fermented grains. Fermented wheat inclusion in a diet increased ATTD of gross energy and phosphorus, and retention of gross energy by 1.9%, 6.8%, and 6.3%, respectively. Also, fermented wheat diets had greater (P < 0.05) metabolizable energy content and tended to have greater (P ≤ 0.10) net energy content than unfermented wheat diets. However, inclusion of fermented barley did not increase nutrient and energy digestibility. Hetero-fermented diets contained greater (P < 0.05) digestible energy and net energy content (DM basis) than Homo-fermented diets. Pigs fed barley-based diets showed less (P < 0.05) ATTD of DM, nitrogen, and gross energy than those fed wheat-based diets. In conclusion, wheat fermented with Lactobacillus-inoculum can be beneficially substituted for unfermented wheat, improving the ATTD of nutrient and energy, nitrogen retention, and energy content. Also, Hetero-inoculum is preferable to Homo-inoculum for grain fermentation considering greater energy content in weaned pigs.

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“…The minimum effective sample size for the experiment was estimated using the software package G*Power 3.1.9.6 [ 27 , 28 ]. The datasets of Humer et al [ 12 , 13 ] were used to get a realistic estimation of the effect difference to calculate the minimum necessary number of animals to reach a minimum statistical power of 1-β = 0.8 at α = 0.05.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nutritional value of sorghum grains can be improved through the application of different processing methods, such as grinding [ 8 ], hydrothermal processing [ 9 ], germination [ 10 ] or ensiling [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. In some regions in Europe (e.g., Austria, Germany, Slovakia), conserving maize through ensiling is well established because it has a lot of advantages [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Fermentation conservation of high moisture whole grain eliminates the necessity for drying, thereby reducing costs of feed preparation and the risk of degradation of heat labile nutrients [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fermentation of Whole Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) with Different Dry Matter Concentrations: Effect on the Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Energy, Crude Nutrients and Minerals in Growing Pigs

Puntigam

Slama

Brügger

et al. 2021

Animals

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This study investigated the effects of sorghum ensiled as whole grains with different dry matter concentrations on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy, crude nutrients and minerals in growing pigs. Whole grain sorghum batches with varying dry matter (DM) concentrations of 701 (S1), 738 (S2) and 809 g kg−1 (S3) due to different dates of harvest from the same arable plot, were stored in air-tight kegs (6 L) for 6 months to ensure complete fermentation. Subsequently, 9 crossbred barrows (34.6 ± 1.8 kg; (Duroc x Landrace) × Piétrain)) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square feeding experiment. Diets were based on the respective sorghum grain silage and were supplemented with additional amino acids, minerals and vitamins to meet or exceed published feeding recommendations for growing pigs. The ATTD of gross energy, dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen-free extracts, and crude ash were higher in S1 compared to S3 treatments (p ≤ 0.05), while S2 was intermediate. Pigs fed S1 showed significantly higher ATTD of phosphorus (P) compared to all other groups while ATTD of calcium was unaffected irrespective of the feeding regime. In conclusion, growing pigs used whole grain sorghum fermented with a DM concentration of 701 g kg−1 (S1) most efficiently. In particular, the addition of inorganic P could have been reduced by 0.39 g kg−1 DM when using this silage compared to the variant with the highest DM value (809 g kg−1).

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Effects of maize conservation techniques on the apparent total tract nutrient and mineral digestibility and microbial metabolites in the faeces of growing pigs

Cited by 17 publications

References 33 publications

Phytate in pig and poultry nutrition

Phytate in pig and poultry nutrition

Energy content and nutrient digestibility of diets containing Lactobacillus-fermented barley or wheat fed to weaned pigs

Fermentation of Whole Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) with Different Dry Matter Concentrations: Effect on the Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Energy, Crude Nutrients and Minerals in Growing Pigs

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