Effects of malicious ocular laser exposure in commercial airline pilots

Palakkamanil, Mathew M.; Fielden, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2015.09.002

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Such devices are becoming more powerful, less costly, are often incorrectly labelled, and can be easily purchased online. Furthermore, there is increasing apprehension for aviation safety following suspected retinal injuries to commercial airline pilots falling victim to laser attacks [ 19 , 27 ]. Lee et al reported that young males were the most frequent group reported to sustain handheld laser pointer injuries in reports from 1999 to 2014 [ 2 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal burns from laser pointers: a risk in children with behavioural problems

Linton

Walkden

Steeples

et al. 2018

Eye

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Objective To explore self-inflicted retinal burns from laser pointers in children. Methods Literature review of laser pointer retinal injuries in childhood and online survey of UK Consultant Ophthalmologists. A cohort of local children with self-inflicted injury is described. The matter is topical. We review progress in recent legislation and policy change in the UK. Results Four of 77 case reports of laser burns in childhood analysed reported psychological or behavioural issues. Three of four children in our cohort had such issues. Delay in diagnosis occurred in two of our patients. Structural retinal damage persisted for over 12 months in all four children (seven eyes). Our survey of UK ophthalmologists found 159 cases of injury (85% male), 80% under 20 years of age. The majority of the laser pointers were purchased online. Many patients (36%) suffered moderate vision loss (6/18 to 6/60 Snellen), while 17% (at least 11 patients) suffered severe vision loss (<6/60 Snellen). Conclusion We highlight the risk of macular damage and vision loss from handheld lasers specifically in children with behavioural, learning or mental health issues. The diagnosis may be difficult or delayed in such children. In children with uncertain macular changes, ophthalmologists should explore the history for possible instances of exposure to handheld lasers pointers. Regulatory authorities and manufacturers of handheld lasers need to be aware of the risk to children. Furthermore, there is a need to better inform parents, carers and teachers of the risk of ocular self-injury from such lasers pointers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal burns from laser pointers: a risk in children with behavioural problems

Linton

Walkden

Steeples

et al. 2018

Eye

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“…Other-Person-Induced Perceptual Faults are those in which another person's actions compromise the operator's sight, hearing, or touch. Malicious actions include, for example, shining a laser pointer into a pilot's eyes (preventing them from seeing a display [38]), or making loud noises when an operator needs to hear an auditory signal. The degree to which the operator's perception is compromised and the tolerance built into the HCIL will determine whether or not a failure can occur.…”

Section: Operator Faults Arising Externally (From Outside the Operator)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Classification of Faults Covering the Human-Computer Interaction Loop

Palanque

Cockburn

Gutwin

2020

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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The operator is one of the main sources of vulnerability in command and control systems; for example, 79% of fatal accidents in aviation are attributed to "human error." Following Avizienis et al.'s classification system for faults human error at operation time can be characterized as the operator's failure to deliver services while interacting with the command and control system. However, little previous work attempts to separate out the many different origins of faults that set the operator in an error mode. This paper proposes an extension to the Avizienis et al. taxonomy in order to more fully account for the human operator, making explicit the faults, error states, and failures that cause operators to deviate from correct service delivery. Our new taxonomy improves understanding and identification of faults, and provides systematic insight into ways that human service failures could be avoided or repaired. We present multiple concrete examples, from aviation and other domains, of faults affecting operators and fault-tolerant mechanisms, covering the critical aspects of the operator-side of the Human-Computer Interaction Loop.

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“…A 2015 Canadian article analyzed 58 male and 3 female airline pilots who reported to their clinic due to laser strike while flying between April 2012 and November 2014. All pilots reported immediate ocular irritation or light sensitivity, but there were no signs of damage documented on ophthalmic exam that included visual acuity, color vision, visual fields, intraocular pressure (IOP), slit lamp examination, dilated fundus examination, color fundus photos, and OCT [116] . Only 1 confirmed case has been published of permanent retinal injury to a pilot.…”

Section: Pilotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Therapeutic Laser Retinal Injury

Kalra

Heisel

Paulus

2019

International Journal of Ophthalmic Research

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BACKGROUND: As lasers have become an increasingly important component of commercial, industrial, military, and medical applications, reported incidents of non-therapeutic laser eye injuries have increased. The retina is particularly vulnerable due to the focusing power and optical transparency of the eye. Continued innovations in laser technology will likely mean that lasers will play an increasingly important and ubiquitous role throughout the world. Critical evaluation should thus be paid to ensure that non-therapeutic injuries are minimized, recognized, and treated appropriately. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review on the PubMed database was conducted to present case reports and case series representative of the variety of laser eye injuries in different injury circumstances, tissue types, and biological damage mechanisms. RESULTS: A general summary of non-therapeutic laser retina injuries is presented, including information about growth of the industry, increasingly accessible online markets, inconsistent international regulation, laser classifications, laser wavelengths, and laser power, mechanisms of tissue injury, and a demonstration of the variety of settings in which injury may occur. Finally, 68 cases found in the literature are summarized to illustrate the presentations and outcomes of these patients. CONCLUSIONS: As non-therapeutic laser eye injuries increase in frequency, there is a greater need for public health, policy, diagnosis, and treatment of these types of injuries.

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Effects of malicious ocular laser exposure in commercial airline pilots

Cited by 14 publications

References 3 publications

Retinal burns from laser pointers: a risk in children with behavioural problems

Retinal burns from laser pointers: a risk in children with behavioural problems

A Classification of Faults Covering the Human-Computer Interaction Loop

Non-Therapeutic Laser Retinal Injury

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