Effects of Menstrual Cycle on Periodontal Health and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Markers

Abstract

The present study suggests that changes in the sex steroid hormones during menstrual cycles might have a limited effect on the inflammatory status of gingiva, but GCF cytokine levels were not affected.

Plasminogen activator activity in tears of pregnant women

“…In GCF, the concentration of tPA is 10–15 times higher than uPA, while the concentration of PAI-2 is at least 5 times higher than PAI-1 [34]. Because of these ratios, the focus of attention is on tPA and PAI-2 in GCF fluid [35,36]. Often but not always during pregnancy, a more vigorous gingival inflammatory response to bacterial plaque is seen [37].…”

Prevalence of daily flossing among adults by selected risk factors for periodontal disease—United States, 2011–2014

“…Periodontitis typically occurs with age. For women, hormonal changes can affect the gingiva and periodontium . Adults with low socioeconomic position and minority groups have higher rates of periodontitis compared with adults with higher socioeconomic status and white, non‐Hispanic adults .…”

Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Plasma Acute‐Phase Cytokine Levels in Different Periodontal Diseases

“…IL‐6‐type cytokines are a family of multifunctional cytokines composed of IL‐6, interleukin‐11 (IL‐11), oncostatin M (OSM), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), ciliary neurotrophic factor, cardiotrophin‐1, and novel neutrophin 1/B cell stimulatory factor‐3 11 . IL‐6, one of the most studied inflammatory markers of periodontal disease, was found in elevated levels in the inflamed gingival tissues and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with gingivitis and periodontitis 12‐14 . OSM is a cytokine produced mainly by T cells and monocytic cells that increase the production of acute‐phase proteins by the liver, along with other members of the IL‐6 cytokine family 15,16 .…”