Effects of mode of testing on susceptibility to various insecticides of adults or larvae of Lucilia sericata, Chrysomya putoria and Musca domestica L

Busvine, J. R.; Iwuala, M. O. E.

doi:10.1002/ps.2780060507

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Contact treatments provided the highest LC5ss followed by oral treatments and then by injection of insecticide. Busvine & Iwuala (1975) also found a strong correlation between mode of application (oral versus contact) within the same stage (p<0.05; larvae r = 0.941, adult r = 0.837) but none between differenr stages (oral larval/adult r = -O.222 and contact larval/adult r = -0.174). This was consistent with Arnold & whitten's (1975) findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Howevern a mors detailed study of mode of insecticide application by Busvine & Iwuala (1975) reinforced Arnold & Whitten's (1975) findings of a lack of an adult/larval resistance relationship, although Busvine & Iwuala (1975) ignored insect weight. They showed that the mode of insecticide administration affected the relative potency of an insecticide in three Diptera, L. sericata and Chyrosomya putoria (which are phylogenetically related to L. cuprina (Erzinclioglu 1984)), and Musca d,omestica.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Aspects of Insecticide Resistance in New Zealand Strains of the Sheep Blowflies, Lucilia Cuprina and Lucilia Sericata

Wilson¹

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A treated surface bioassay was used to detect insecticide resistance to five organophosphorus insecticides (diazinon, chlorfevinphos, chlorpyrifos, dichlofenthion and propetamphos), the synthetic pyrethroid, deltamethrin, and the insect growth regulator, diflubenzuron, in larvae of field strains of Lucilia cuprina, and diazinon in Lucilia sericata from 1990 to 1997. Organophosphate resistance was widespread in both species of blowfly and L. cuprina exhibited side-resistance between diazinon, chlorpyrifos, dichlofenthion and propetamphos but no cross-resistance could be demonstrated with diazinon and deltamethrin, or between diazinon and diflubenzuron. Phenotypic expression of resistance appeared to be influenced by environmental factors such as season, region, sheep density and year. The relative efficacies of four of the above OPs and the extent to which the OP resistance status of L. cuprina affected this, was assessed by comparing a susceptible strain of L. cuprina, and a strain known to exhibit OP side-resistance, in a series of in vivo trials. All four treatments provided 19 - 21 weeks protection against susceptible larvae but chlorfenvinphos provided the longest protection (16 - 17 weeks), followed by propetamphos (15 - 16 weeks), dichlofenthion (10 - 13 weeks) and diazinon (9 - 13 weeks), against the resistant strain. Penetration of insect cuticle, non-oxidative and oxidative mechanisms that might contribute to resistance to organophosphate insecticides were examined in larvae and adults from field isolates of L. cuprina. Only non-oxidative mechanisms were considered with respect to L. sericata. The basal mechanism of resistance appeared to be an altered esterase (the E3 esterase) in L. cuprina and was also suspected to contribute to OP-resistance in L. sericata. Adult and larval strains of L. sericata showed no relationship between level of GST conjugating activity and resistance to diazinon, suggesting that these enzymes do not constitute a mechanism of OP-resistance in this species. Contrasting this was the observation of a strong relationship between the level of GST conjugating activity, with respect to model substrate DCNB, and resistance to diazinon in both adult and larval strains of L. cuprina. This relationship was supported by a study of the OP-conjugating properties of partially purified glutathione S-transferases from resistant L. cuprina larvae. Neither an increase in acetylcholinesterase content nor an insensitive AChE in the central nervous system of larvae of L. cuprina and larvae or adult L. sericata appear to have been selected for in the resistant field strains examined. There did however appear to be a positive correlation between resistance to diazinon and susceptibility of AChE inactivation by tetrachlorvinphos in L. cuprina adults. The significance of this factor was investigated further by multiple regression and it was concluded that this did not have a main effect on resistance in adults. Samples of L. cuprina were further characterised by RAPD-PCR to determine intra-and inter-strain variation. Key features of this analysis were the calculation of phylogenetic similarities in an attempt to better define a 'field strain', the mode of dispersal of the species throughout New Zealand as well as to identify genetic markers of high level insecticide resistance. No markers of resistance were identified but this study emphasised the need to treat each sample as a separate strain as sampling from the same area at different times showed that samples were not identical suggesting there is variable gene flow in and out of areas and populations. Based on biochemical identification of resistance mechanisms, consideration was given to the use of potentiating pairs of insecticides as a method of prolonging the life of some existing OP insecticides. It was shown that prospects for using such pairs is limited due to the widespread OP-resistance observed in L. cuprina. Finally, rather than reiterate discussion of resistance mechanisms, the conclusion of this thesis looks towards applying knowledge of resistance mechanisms effectively within the framework of integrated pest management system (IPM). It discusses areas of weakness in knowledge that need to be addressed and emphasises the need for a susceptibility reservoir if IPM is to succeed at a national level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Aspects of Insecticide Resistance in New Zealand Strains of the Sheep Blowflies, Lucilia Cuprina and Lucilia Sericata

Wilson¹

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The cross‐resistance to pyrethrins and eight synthetic pyrethroids, of an organophosphorus‐resistant strain of the rust‐red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (herbst)

Lloyd

Ruczkowski

1980

Pestic. Sci.

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Comparisons with standard susceptible insects showed that a strain of Tribolium castaneum, with a specific resistance to malathion and its carboxylic ester analogues, had no cross‐resistance to topical applications of natural pyrethrins. Another strain of T. castaneum, showing resistance to many organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, was cross‐resistant to pyrethrins ( × 34) and eight synthetic pyrethroids also applied topically; least cross‐resistance occurred with resmethrin ( × 2.2), bioresmethrin ( × 3.3) and phenothrin ( × 4.0). Generally larger resistance factors were recorded with formulations synergised by piperonyl butoxide (PB). The greatest cross‐resistance encountered was with unsynergised tetramethrin ( × 338). Apart from tetramethrin, factors of synergism did not exceed 5.7 with either the susceptible or multi‐OP resistant strains. PB antagonised six of the nine pyrethroids against the multi‐OP resistant strain. Antagonism also occurred with two of these six, permethrin (cis: trans ratio 1:3) and 5‐prop‐2‐ynylfurfuryl ( 1RS)‐cis,trans‐chrysanthemate (‘Prothrin’), against the susceptible strain. Considering only formulations without the synergist, the most effective compounds against the susceptible strain, relative to pyrethrins, were bioresmethrin (2.7) and permethrin (2.4). Similarly with the multi‐OP resistant strain the most effective compounds were bioresmethrin (28), resmethrin (14) and permethrin (6.6). Thus the LD50 (the dose required to kill 50% of the test species) for bioresmethrin against the resistant strain (0.14 μg) only slightly exceeded the LD50 for pyrethrins against the susceptible strain (0.12 μg).

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The use of [³H] permethrin to investigate the mechanisms underlying its differential toxicity to adult and larval stages of the sheen blowfly Lucilia sericata

1983

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Observations suggest that more than one mechanism is responsible for the increased tolerance to permethrin in the larval stage of Lucilia sericata. While the penetration rate of permethrin was much reduced in larvae, they remained more tolerant than adults when this compound was injected. Following the injection of sublethal amounts of [3H]-(1 RS)-trans-permethrin, a substantial proportion of the dose was accumulated and retained in the larval fat body. In adults, less permethrin was absorbed and retained in the tissues. However, compared to the larvae, detoxication was faster, haemoplasm levels were lower, and substantially more breakdown products were excreted. The injection of sublethal amounts of permethrin into the larva led to severe disruption of sensory function. These findings suggest that an important difference may exist between adults and larvae in either the sensitivity of vital sites within the nervous system, or in the sequence of events which follow nervous system disruption and lead to death.

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Effects of mode of testing on susceptibility to various insecticides of adults or larvae of Lucilia sericata, Chrysomya putoria and Musca domestica L

Cited by 4 publications

References 9 publications

Aspects of Insecticide Resistance in New Zealand Strains of the Sheep Blowflies, Lucilia Cuprina and Lucilia Sericata

Aspects of Insecticide Resistance in New Zealand Strains of the Sheep Blowflies, Lucilia Cuprina and Lucilia Sericata

The cross‐resistance to pyrethrins and eight synthetic pyrethroids, of an organophosphorus‐resistant strain of the rust‐red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (herbst)

The use of [³H] permethrin to investigate the mechanisms underlying its differential toxicity to adult and larval stages of the sheen blowfly Lucilia sericata

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Effects of mode of testing on susceptibility to various insecticides of adults or larvae of Lucilia sericata, Chrysomya putoria and Musca domestica L

Cited by 4 publications

References 9 publications

Aspects of Insecticide Resistance in New Zealand Strains of the Sheep Blowflies, Lucilia Cuprina and Lucilia Sericata

Aspects of Insecticide Resistance in New Zealand Strains of the Sheep Blowflies, Lucilia Cuprina and Lucilia Sericata

The cross‐resistance to pyrethrins and eight synthetic pyrethroids, of an organophosphorus‐resistant strain of the rust‐red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (herbst)

The use of [3H] permethrin to investigate the mechanisms underlying its differential toxicity to adult and larval stages of the sheen blowfly Lucilia sericata

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The use of [³H] permethrin to investigate the mechanisms underlying its differential toxicity to adult and larval stages of the sheen blowfly Lucilia sericata