“…The comparison of the computed radial profiles against the experimental measurements is shown in Fig 4 . Overall, the Bilger mixture fraction, temperature, and H 2 O mole fraction are well predicted by both simulations. The level of agreement is comparable to previous LES calculations performed using FPV [22], CMC [3], and PDF [40] approaches. Noticeable deviation from the measurement, however, can be observed for the CO mole fraction of PEC-64 (FPV) at the downstream location (x/D = 20), as the FPV model reduces the chemical time scales of all species to that of the progress variable.…”