“…One study conducted in the cardiac catheterization laboratory setting found that most patients undergoing several procedural types and conscious sedation experienced comfort, whereas a minority (26%) experienced discomfort (Beddoes, Botti, & Duke, 2008). Music, education, and relaxation/massage interventions have been evaluated to decrease pain and anxiety in radiology-assisted procedures (Chair, Chau, Sit, & Wong, 2012;Chang, Peng, Wang, & Lai, 2011;Keller et al, 2012;McDaniel et al, 2009;Nikolajsen, Lyndgaard, Schriver, & Moller, 2009;Shabanloei, Golchin, Esfahani, Dolatkhah, & Rasoulian, 2010;Weeks & Nilsson, 2011;Zakerimoghadam, Shaban, Mehran, & Hashemi, 2010;Zengin et al, 2013); findings are mixed in terms of intervention effectiveness, although most music interventions were effective in reducing pain.…”