Effects of Mustard Gas on Veterans: A Review

Jahromy, Mojtaba Ghaednia; Mohsenian, Mohammad Saleh; Rezagholizamenjany, Masoud; Ansari, Iman; Mirzadeh, Seyyed Mojtaba; Nejad-Moghaddam, Amir

doi:10.5812/amh.62051

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Since then, numerous nomenclatures that etch a historical lineage of SM in warfare have arisen. These include unstable Hun Stuff, 'H' or 'HS (Stewart, 2006), distilled and stable 'HD' or Pyro (Jahromy et al, 2017) and various "blended" mustard varieties like 'HQ' (Gates and Moore, 1946), 'HT' or Runcol, and 'HL'(McCamley, 2007). As research progressed to develop better CWAs, SM was stockpiled and improperly discarded, for example in waterbodies after the World Wars (Geraci, 2008;Wattana and Bey, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing a Dexamethasone Treatment Regimen To Alleviate Sulfur Mustard–Induced Corneal Injuries in a Rabbit Model

Mishra

Kant

Kandhari

et al. 2023

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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Sulfur mustard (SM) is an ominous chemical warfare agent. Eyes are extremely susceptible to SM-toxicity; injuries include inflammation, fibrosis, neovascularization (NV), and vision impairment/blindness, depending on the exposure dosage. Effective countermeasures against ocular SM-toxicity remain elusive and are warranted during conflicts/terrorist activities and accidental exposures. We previously determined that dexamethasone (DEX) effectively counters corneal nitrogen mustard toxicity and that the 2 h post-exposure therapeutic window is most beneficial. Here, the efficacy of two DEX dosing frequencies, i.e., every 8 or 12 h (initiated, as previously established, 2 h post-exposure) until 28 days post SM-exposure was assessed.Furthermore, sustained effects of DEX treatments were observed up to day 56 post SMexposure. Corneal clinical assessments (thickness, opacity, ulceration, and NV) were performed at the day 14, 28, 42, and 56 post SM-exposure timepoints. Histopathological assessments of corneal injuries (corneal thickness, epithelial degradation, epithelial-stromal separation, inflammatory cell, and blood vessel counts) using H&E staining and molecular assessments (COX-2, MMP-9, VEGF, and SPARC expressions) were performed at days 28, 42, and 56 post SM-exposure. Statistical significance was assessed using Two-Way ANOVA, with Holm-Sidak post-hoc pairwise multiple comparisons; significance was established if p<0.05 (data represented as the mean ± SEM). DEX administration every 8 h was more potent than every 12 h in reversing ocular SM-injury, with most pronounced effects observed at days 28 and 42 post SMexposure. These comprehensive results are novel and provide a comprehensive DEX-treatment regimen (therapeutic-window and dosing-frequency) for counteracting SM-induced corneal injuries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing a Dexamethasone Treatment Regimen To Alleviate Sulfur Mustard–Induced Corneal Injuries in a Rabbit Model

Mishra

Kant

Kandhari

et al. 2023

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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“…War veterans have suffered much physical harm and sometimes severe mental disorders that significantly affect their families (8). It is of the utmost importance to design and organize effective therapeutic measures and interventions to address PTSD symptoms and improve veterans' quality of life (9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy and Computer-Based Cognitive Rehabilitation on the Cognitive Bias of Veterans with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Bonyadi,

Homaei,

Heidari

2023

Ann Mil Health Sci Res

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Background: People with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from war have more severe symptoms when combined with other chronic disorders, worsening their condition. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation on the cognitive bias of veterans with PTSD. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest, follow-up, and a control group. The statistical population included all the veterans under the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs coverage of Ahvaz, Iran, in 2021. After the necessary examinations, 45 eligible participants were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (15 participants per group) after the necessary coordination. The experimental groups separately received EMDR therapy and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation, whereas the control group received no intervention. Repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS-24 was used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that compared to the control group, EMDR and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation interventions significantly influenced the cognitive bias of veterans with PTSD (P < 0.001). Moreover, cognitive bias scores from the posttest and follow-up significantly differed from those from the pretest (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Since EMDR and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation improved cognitive bias in veterans with PTSD, these methods are recommended for improving their psychological characteristics.

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Biomarkers of Sulfur Mustard (Mustard Gas) in Urine

Sezigen

2022

Biomarkers in Toxicology

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Effects of Mustard Gas on Veterans: A Review

Cited by 5 publications

References 27 publications

Establishing a Dexamethasone Treatment Regimen To Alleviate Sulfur Mustard–Induced Corneal Injuries in a Rabbit Model

Establishing a Dexamethasone Treatment Regimen To Alleviate Sulfur Mustard–Induced Corneal Injuries in a Rabbit Model

Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy and Computer-Based Cognitive Rehabilitation on the Cognitive Bias of Veterans with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Biomarkers of Sulfur Mustard (Mustard Gas) in Urine

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