The facilitating effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) on allergic asthma have not been sufficiently examined, although MWCNT appear to significantly increase the risk of health problems from occupational or environmental exposure. In this study, we examined whether sensitization by the combination of MWCNT with ovalbumin (OVA) promotes allergic asthmatic responses. BALB/c mice administered vehicle, MWCNT, OVA, or MWCNT OVA through an intranasal route were challenged with OVA intratracheally four times. In the MWCNT OVA group, the fourth challenge caused not only early-but also latephase increases in airway resistance, although these responses were not observed in the vehicle, MWCNT, or OVA group; furthermore, the extents of the early and late responses were comparable to those in mice systemically sensitized with OVA alum. Sensitization with MWCNT and OVA promoted airway inflammation and goblet cell hyperplasia in the lung compared with the vehicle, MWCNT or OVA group. In addition, adjuvant activity for OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), IgG1, and IgG2a production in serum and increased levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-13, and IL-17 in the lung tissue were observed. In conclusion, these results suggest that exposure to MWCNT and antigen can induce a biphasic increase in airway resistance, airway inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and the production of antigen-specific antibodies. This study highlights the risk of exposure to a combination of MWCNT with antigen.Key words carbon nanotube; allergic asthma; airway resistance; goblet cell hyperplasia; adjuvant activity Allergic asthma is a chronic type of airway inflammation characterized by reversible airway obstruction and goblet cell hyperplasia associated with elevated levels of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE).1-3) The prevalence of asthma has increased markedly over the past 3 decades, and may be due to changes in environmental factors, including indoor and outdoor air pollution. 4,5) Relatively few investigations on the environmental exacerbating factors of the pathology have been conducted, although intensive experiments have accumulated evidence regarding the molecular mechanisms of therapeutic targets. The former type of research should be focused on, since large environmental changes may occur throughout the world in the future.Nanotechnology is now advancing at an incredible pace, such that it has created an alternative industrial revolution over the past few years. 6) Consistent with this, the use of engineered nanomaterials has been rapidly increasing in commercial applications. As these materials have become more widespread, many questions have arisen regarding the effects of these materials as inhalable toxicants. Among several different types of nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNT) are one of the most attractive materials because of their unique physical and chemical characteristics, including their size (1-20 nm width and many micrometers in length), strength, and surface chemistry. 7,8) However, CNT show marked cyt...