“…Dean et al Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 146 (2017) [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] and Sims, 1978;Szaro, 1977;Holmes et al, 1970;Szaro et al, 1978;Gorsline and Holmes, 1981;Eastin and Murray, 1981;Fleming et al, 1982;Miller et al, 1979Miller et al, , 1982Pattee and Franson, 1982;Fry and Lowenstein, 1985;Leighton, 1986;Couillard and Leighton, 1990a, 1990b, Couillard and Leighton, 1991Stubblefield et al, 1995;Newman et al, 2000;Alonso-Alvarez et al, 2007a, 2007bDuerr, 2013). Studies examining the effects of oil on birds have suggested that oil exposure can lead to hepatic damage or dysfunction, reporting decreases in plasma cholesterol, glucose, albumin, uric acid and total protein concentrations, and increases in ALP, ALT, AST, GGT, and bile acids (Eastin and Rattner, 1982;Stubblefield et al, 1995;Briggs et al, 1997;Newman et al, 2000;Seiser et al, 2000;Golet et al, 2002;Alonso-Alvarez et al, 2007a, 2007b. Generally, birds with hepatic dysfunction or disease will exhibit declines in albumin, cholesterol, glucose, total protein, uric acid and increases in bile acids, alkaline phosphatase, AST, GGT and LDH …”