Effects of Organoboron Antifoulants on Oyster and Sea Urchin Embryo Development

Abstract

Prohibition of Ot (organotin) compounds was introduced in Japan in 1997 and worldwide from September 2008. This meant that the production of paints containing TBT compounds was stopped and alternatives to the available Ot antifoulants had to be developed. It has been claimed that the degradation by-products of these alternative antifoulants were less toxic than those of Ot compounds. Since the introduction of the alternative antifoulants, the accumulation of these compounds has been reported in many countries. However, the toxicity of these compounds was still largely unreported. In this research, the toxicity of the alternative Ot antifoulants TPBP (triphenylborane pyridine) and TPBOA (triphenylborane octadecylamine) and their degradation products on Crassostea gigas and Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus were tested. The results showed that toxic effects in Crassostea gigas was higher for each antifouling biocide than that in Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Also, while the toxicity of the Organoboron antifoulants and the Ots were the same, the former’s degradation products were much less harmful.

Concentration of Antifouling Biocides and Metals in Sediment Core Samples in the Northern Part of Hiroshima Bay

“…Furthermore, according to Tsunemasa et al [ 28 , 29 ], the toxicity (LC 50 ) of Sea-Nine 211 and TBT on oyster embryos is 28 and 16 µg/L, respectively. The highest value of Sea-Nine 211 and TBT in the survey Point 5 sediment core is five and 87 times more compared with the toxicity values on oyster embryos, respectively.…”

Recent Advances in BODIPY Compounds: Synthetic Methods, Optical and Nonlinear Optical Properties, and Their Medical Applications

“…Further, some toxic compounds such as Triphenyl borane were studied ( Figure 9 ). The toxicity of the alternative organotin (Ot) antifoulants TPBP (triphenylborane pyridine; Figure 9 : 34) and TPBOA (triphenylborane octadecylamine; Figure 9 : 35) and their degradation products on Crassosteagigas and Hemicentrotuspulcherrimus were tested [ 53 ]. Silylated-diborylene-3,4,9,10-tetraaminoperylenes (DIBOTAPs, compounds 39 – 42 ) were synthesized by treating 4,9-diaminoperylenequinone-3,10-diimine (DPDI, Scheme 7 ) with BH 3 –THF, lithiation with n -butyllithium, and subsequent addition of the corresponding silyl chloride ( Scheme 8 ) [ 54 ].…”