Effects of overtraining and high activation on bar pressing of rats tested under water deprivation.

Mathieu, Mireille

doi:10.1037/h0035043

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Mathieu (1973) made a similar observation for appetitive behavior. She trained four groups of rats to bar press for water under different degrees of water deprivation (24-, 36-, 48-, and 60-hr).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Learning about deprivation intensity stimuli.

Davidson¹

1987

Behavioral Neuroscience

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Rats demonstrated that they can use deprivation-produced stimuli as discriminative signals for shock in three experiments that used observation of freezing behavior as the index of learning. In Experiment 1, one group was shocked under 24-hr, but not under 0-hr food deprivation. Another group received the reversed discrimination. Both groups froze more under their shocked than under their nonshocked deprivation level. Furthermore, freezing was greatest under a given deprivation level for the group shocked under that level. Behavior was shown to be a function of this learning during subsequent testing under other deprivation levels. In Experiment 2, rats discriminated between deprivation intensities approximating those encountered under free-feeding conditions, and behavior under other deprivation levels also depended on this learning. Experiment 3, using 6- and 23-hr food deprivation, showed that discriminative responding occurred in the absence of cues arising from the recent memory of food in the home cage. Generalization of discriminative control to cues produced by intubation of a high calorie load and to injection of insulin (Experiment 3A) provided evidence that animals learned about the interoceptive stimulus consequences of their deprivation states. The results encourage the view that learning about internal stimulus aspects of food deprivation plays a role in appetitive behavior.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Learning about deprivation intensity stimuli.

Davidson¹

1987

Behavioral Neuroscience

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“…At high anxiety, however, the effects on performance are negative. The law was demon strated in animal and human studies (Courts, 1939;Belanger and Feldman, 1962;Mathieu, 1973;Ey senck, 1985), but there has been no physiological investigation of what could underlie the deteriora tion in performance with high anxiety. The results raise the possibility that the deterioration in perfor mance observed in high anxiety is a concomitant of reduced cortical activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Anxiety on Cortical Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism

Gur

Resnick

et al. 1987

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

152

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Summary:The relation between anxiety and cortical ac tivity was compared in two samples of normal volun teers. One group was studied with the noninvasive xenon-133 inhalation technique for measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the other with positron emission tomography (PET) using lsFlurodeoxyglucose (1sFDG) for measuring cerebral metabolic rates (CMR) for glu cose. The inhalation technique produced less anxiety than the PET procedure, and for low anxiety subjects, there was a linear increase in CBF with anxiety. For higher anxiety subjects, however, there was a linear deWe observed that normal volunteers participating in studies of cerebral blood flow (CBP) and metab olism (CMR) manifest anxiety. The effects of anx iety on these measures are not obvious . Greater anxiety is associated with autonomic arousal (see Beck, 1978), but its relation to cortical arousal re mains to be determined. There is evidence for an inverted-U relationship between anxiety and per formance (Yerkes and Dodson, 1908;Courts, 1939; Hebb, 1955;Malmo, 1959;Eysenck, 1985) with better performance associated with intermediate anxiety. In a preliminary study examining the rela tionship between anxiety and CMR for glucose, we found a curvilinear relation between state anxiety and CMR in a sample of 18 normal volunteers (Gur et aI., 1981; Reivich et aI., 1983). In a subsequent study measuring CBP with the xenon-133 inhala- tion technique (Gur et ai., 1987), we found an in verted-U relationship between anxiety and perfor mance, as well as between anxiety and CBP, mea sured during cognitive activity.The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of anxiety on cortical CBP and CMR. The xenon-133 inhalation method is noninvasive, whereas the PET 18PDG technique for measuring CMR (as applied in our PET center) requires both arterial and venous catheterization. Thus, CBP measures are taken during a situation probably in voking less anxiety. This permits comparison of the effects of anxiety on cortical activity in higher and lower anxiety-provoking conditions. The hy pothesis of an underlying curvilinear, inverted-U relationship between anxiety and cortical activity stipulates a positive linear relationship between anxiety and cortical activity for low anxiety states and a negative linear relationship for high anxiety states. This would lead to the expectation that the CBP measurement condition will more likely reveal both components of this relationship, whereas the higher anxiety associated with CMR measurement conditions may diminish the positive linear compo nent.

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