Effects of Paeonol on Anti-Neuroinflammatory Responses in Microglial Cells

Abstract

Increasing studies suggest that inflammatory processes in the central nervous system mediated by microglial activation plays an important role in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Development of planning for microglial suppression is considered a key strategy in the search for neuroprotection. Paeonol is a major phenolic component of Moutan Cortex, widely used as a nutrient supplement in Chinese medicine. In this study, we investigated the effects of paeonol on microglial cells stimulated by inflammagens. Paeonol significantly inhibited the release of nitric oxide (NO) and the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Treatment with paeonol also reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inhibited an ATP-induced increased cell migratory activity. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of neuroinflammation by paeonol were found to be regulated by phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-α (AMPK-α) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 α/β (GSK 3α/β). Treatment with AMPK or GSK3 inhibitors reverse the inhibitory effect of neuroinflammation by paeonol in microglial cells. Furthermore, paeonol treatment also showed significant improvement in the rotarod performance and microglial activation in the mouse model as well. The present study is the first to report a novel inhibitory role of paeonol on neuroinflammation, and presents a new candidate agent for the development of therapies for inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.

Pelargonidin improves memory deficit in amyloid β25-35 rat model of Alzheimer’s disease by inhibition of glial activation, cholinesterase, and oxidative stress

“…Our model of AD in this study was according to earlier studies proving bilateral injection of aggregated Ab [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] into the CA1 area of the hippocampus leads to learning and memory deficits [26,34]. Our findings show that bilateral CA1 hippocampal microinjections of A b25-35 provoked striking loss in spatial memory performance as depicted in the escape latency and distance swum (Table 1).…”

“…3C). Measurement of GFAP as a specific marker of astrogliosis [32] and iNOS as an indirect marker of inflammation [33] revealed that Ab group has a significantly higher level of GFAP (P < 0.01) as compared to sham, while AbAEPel group had a significantly lower level of GFAP versus Ab group (P < 0.05) (Fig. 4A).…”

“…Averaged distance swum in Morris water maze.Averaged distance swum (cm) to locate hidden platform in Morris water maze (test days 1-5) as means AE SEM; Effect of bilateral CA1 microinjections of saline (Sham), Ab[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] (Ab), and Ab 25-35 + Pelargonidin (Pel) at a dose of 10 mg/kg (Pel) for 3 consecutive days (Ab + Pel). * P < 0.05.…”

Moutan Cortex Protects Hepatocytes against Oxidative Injury through AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway

“…Moreover, UPLC and MTT assay showed that chlorogenic acid treatment has protective effect against AA+iron-induced apoptosis, which are similar to the results of previous studies. 56,57) Although paeonol has a protective effect in microglial cells, 58) these results indicate that chlorogenic acid might be an active compound in MCE responsible for its protective effects against oxidative stress and apoptosis.…”

Protective effects of paeonol on cardiovascular complications in diabetes mellitus involves modulation of PI3K /Akt-GSK-3β signalling, regulation of protease-activated receptor-1 expressions and down-regulation of inflammatory mediators

“…It possess bioactive properties as anti-inflammatory (Du et al, 2010;Siu, 2010;Himaya et al, 2012;Lin et al, 2015), neuroprotective (Hsieh et al, 2006;Wu et al, 2008;Su et al, 2010) and cardioprotective effects (Li et al, 2012). Considering these effects we investigated if paeonol regulated inflammatory responses and Akt/GSK-3β signalling in diabetic cardiomyopathy.…”