Effects of Passive Immunity on Growth and Survival in the Dairy Heifer

Robison, J.D.; Stott, G.H.; DeNise, S.K.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(88)79684-8

Cited by 229 publications

(190 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…A similar association has also been found in dairy calves, as calves born in the winter have an increased risk of experiencing BRD, diarrhea or death compared with calves born in the summer or fall (Lombard et al, 2007;Windeyer et al, 2014). This association may be due to the effect of cold weather on calf vigour and the transfer of passive immunity (Olson et al, 1980;Robison et al, 1988). Calves with lower levels of passive immunity are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality events (Godden, 2008).…”

Section: Calving Seasonmentioning

confidence: 66%

Calf management practices and associations with herd-level morbidity and mortality on beef cow-calf operations

Murray

Fick

Pajor

et al. 2016

Animal

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The objective of this study was to investigate calf management practices on beef cow-calf operations and determine associations with herd-level morbidity and mortality of pre-weaned calves. A 40-question survey about management practices, morbidity and mortality was administered to cow-calf producers by distributing paper surveys and by circulating an online link through various media. A total of 267 producers completed the survey. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and multivariable linear regression models. Average herd-level treatment risk for pre-weaning calf diarrhea (PCD) and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) were 4.9% and 3.0%, respectively. Average herd-level mortality within the first 24 h of life (stillbirth), from 1 to 7 days and 7 days to weaning were 2.3%, 1.1%, and 1.4%, respectively. Operations that never intervened at parturition had 4.7% higher PCD than those that occasionally did. On operations using small elastrator bands for castration, PCD was 1.9% higher than those using other methods. For every increase of 100 cows in herd size, BRD decreased by 1.1%. The association between BRD and PCD varied by when calving season began. Operations that used off-farm, frozen colostrum had a 1.1% increase in stillbirths. Operations that verified a calf had suckled had 0.7% lower mortality from 1 to 7 days of age. Those that intervened when colostrum was abnormal or that used small elastrator bands for castration had 1.9% and 1.4% higher mortality during the 1 st week of life, respectively, compared with other operations. Mortality from 7 days to weaning was lower by 0.7% when calving season started in April compared with January or February and was higher by 1.0% for each additional week of calving season. Operations that intervened with colostrum consumption for assisted calvings had lower mortality from 7 days to weaning by 0.8% compared with those that did not. For every 1.0% increase in BRD, mortality from 7 days to weaning increased by 1.0%. Stillbirths and mortality from 7 days to weaning decreased non-linearly with herd size. Factors related to calving season, herd size, interventions at calving, colostrum management and castration impacted herd-level morbidity and mortality. However, effect size was generally small and causation cannot be determined with a cross-sectional study design. This study identifies several common health management practices associated with calfhood morbidity and mortality that should be further investigated to establish evidence-based management strategies to improve the health and survival of beef calves.

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Section: Calving Seasonmentioning

confidence: 66%

Calf management practices and associations with herd-level morbidity and mortality on beef cow-calf operations

Murray

Fick

Pajor

et al. 2016

Animal

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“…Ensuring that the neonatal calf ingests and absorbs a critical mass of IgG from colostrum is necessary for it to acquire immunity (McGuirk and Collins, 2004) and is established as being crucial to its future health and productivity (Kruse, 1970;Robison et al, 1988;DeNise et al, 1989). The bovine placenta does not allow the transfer of immunoglobulins from the dam to the calf while in utero and so the newborn calf must absorb a critical mass of IgG from colostrum before cessation of intestinal transport occurs at 24 to 36 h of age to acquire immunity against the pathogenic organisms it will encounter as soon as it is born (Weaver et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The many unfavourable consequences of insufficient absorption of IgG by the neonatal calf (e.g. increased risk of disease and death, slower growth rates and a reduction in long-term productivity) are well documented (Robison et al, 1988;DeNise et al, 1989). Inadequate absorption of immunoglobulins by the calf may occur for many reasons such as timing of the first feeding (Besser et al, 1985) and volume of the feeding (Stott et al, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with the concentration of immunoglobulin G in the colostrum of dairy cows

Conneely

Berry

Sayers

et al. 2013

Animal

156

141

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Transfer of sufficient immunoglobulin G (IgG) to the neonatal calf via colostrum is vital to provide the calf with immunological protection and resistance against disease. The objective of the present study was to determine the factors associated with both colostral IgG concentration and colostral weight in Irish dairy cows. Fresh colostrum samples were collected from 704 dairy cows of varying breed and parity from four Irish research farms between January and December 2011; colostral weight was recorded and the IgG concentration was determined using an ELISA method. The mean IgG concentration in the colostrum was 112 g/l (s.d. 5 51 g/l) and ranged from 13 to 256 g/l. In total, 96% of the samples in this study contained .50 g/l IgG, which is considered to be indicative of high-quality colostrum. Mean colostral weight was 6.7 kg (s.d. 5 3.6 kg) with a range of 0.1 to 24 kg. Factors associated with both colostral IgG concentration and colostral weight were determined using a fixed effects multiple regression model. Parity, time interval from calving to next milking, month of calving, colostral weight and herd were all independently associated with IgG concentration. IgG concentration decreased ( P , 0.01) by 1.7 (s.e. 5 0.6) g/l per kg increase in the colostral weight. Older parity cows, cows that had a shorter time interval from calving to milking, and cows that calved earlier in spring or in the autumn produced colostrum with higher IgG concentration. Parity ( P , 0.001), time interval from calving to milking ( P , 0.01), weight of the calf at birth ( P , 0.05), colostral IgG concentration ( P , 0.01) and herd were all independently associated with colostral weight at the first milking. Younger parity cows, cows milked earlier post-calving, and cows with lighter calves produced less colostrum. In general, colostrum quality of cows in this study was higher than in many previous studies; possible reasons include use of a relatively low-yielding cow type that produces low weight of colostrum, short calving to colostrum collection interval and grass-based nutritional management. The results of this study indicate that colostral IgG concentration can be maximised by reducing the time interval between calving and collection of colostrum.

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“…In dairy calves, the concentration of serum IgG from the mother is positively correlated with offspring growth rate during the first 180 days postpartum (Robison et al 1988). Additionally, mouse pups nursed by immunoglobulin-deficient mothers exhibit retarded growth (Gustafsson et al 1994).…”

Section: (B) Consequences For Offspring Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, when chicks are exposed to Escherichia coli or infectious bursal disease virus soon after hatching, the percentage of progeny surviving is positively correlated with the hen's antibody titre Goddard et al 1994). Similarly, in dairy cattle, mortality rates are lower among calves with high levels of serum IgG than in offspring with low circulating IgG levels (Dardillat et al 1978;Muggli et al 1984;Robison et al 1988). In mice (Mus musculus), offspring nursed by immunoglobulindeficient mothers (due to gene knockout) also exhibit high mortality (Gustafsson et al 1994;Roulin & Heeb 1999).…”

Section: Consequences Of Variation In Maternal Antibody Transmission mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune function across generations: integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission

Grindstaff

Brodie

Ketterson

2003

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

341

412

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The past 30 years of immunological research have revealed much about the proximate mechanisms of maternal antibody transmission and utilization, but have not adequately addressed how these issues are related to evolutionary and ecological theory. Much remains to be learned about individual differences within a species in maternal antibody transmission as well as differences among species in transmission or utilization of antibodies. Similarly, maternal-effects theory has generally neglected the mechanisms by which mothers influence offspring phenotype. Although the environmental cues that generate maternal effects and the consequent effects for offspring phenotype are often well characterized, the intermediary physiological and developmental steps through which the maternal effect is transmitted are generally unknown. Integration of the proximate mechanisms of maternal antibody transmission with evolutionary theory on maternal effects affords an important opportunity to unite mechanism and process by focusing on the links between genetics, environment and physiology, with the ultimate goal of explaining differences among individuals and species in the transfer of immune function from one generation to the next.

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Effects of Passive Immunity on Growth and Survival in the Dairy Heifer

Cited by 229 publications

References 18 publications

Calf management practices and associations with herd-level morbidity and mortality on beef cow-calf operations

Calf management practices and associations with herd-level morbidity and mortality on beef cow-calf operations

Factors associated with the concentration of immunoglobulin G in the colostrum of dairy cows

Immune function across generations: integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission

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