Effects of patulin and ascladiol on porcine intestinal mucosa: An ex vivo approach

Abstract

Patulin (PAT) is a secondary metabolite mainly produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium that is frequently found contaminating apples and rotten fruits. Patulin can be transformed in potencially less toxic compounds such as ascladiol (ASC). Toxic effects of patulin were described in rats and in in vitro models, however concerning ascladiol, data are restricted to metabolic pathways. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of PAT (10 μM, 30 μM, 100 μM) and ASC (30 μM, 100 μM) on intestinal tissue using the jejunal explant model. Explants from pigs were exposed for 4 h to PAT and ASC and after this period were processed for histological, morphometrical and immunohistochemical analysis. Mild histological changes were observed in jejunal explants exposed to PAT and ASC, however no significant difference in the lesional score or villi height was observed between the PAT/ASC-groups and the control. Also, explants exposed to 100 μM of PAT showed a significant decrease in goblet cells density and a significant increase in cell apoptosis. These results indicate that high levels of patulin can induce mild toxic effects on intestinal mucosa whereas ascladiol apparently is non-toxic to intestinal tissue.

Dissection of patulin biosynthesis, spatial control and regulation mechanism in Penicillium expansum

“…Notably, PePatE, which catalyses the last step from E-ascladiol to patulin, was identified as a secreted protein. The cytotoxicity of E-ascladiol is much lower than that of patulin (Maidana et al, 2016). Thus, the biosynthesis of patulin at the cell wall matrix might be an effective strategy used by fungi to prevent self-harm from toxic SMs.…”

Effects of Patulin Treatment on Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Internal Organs

“…In rodents, patulin impairs the intestinal absorption due to its toxic effects on gastro-intestinal mucosa: ulcerations, hemorrhagic lesions, cellular pyknosis, necrosis, eosinophils agglomeration [15] and inflammatory processes [21]. The effects of patulin on swine intestine (decrease in density of the goblet cell, intestinal villi and crypts) [5] can also lead to malabsorption.…”

Histopathological and ultrastructural findings induced by heat-inactivated Lactobacillus plantarum and the culture supernatant on the intestinal mucosa of piglets: an ex vivo approach

“…The procedures performed to obtain jejunal explants from piglets were previously described (Maidana et al, 2016). The explants were collected from middle jejunum with a biopsy punch (8mm) and placed in six-well cell culture plates (3 explants/well) (Cellstar-Grenier bioone, São Paulo-Brazil) filled with 3ml of agar and containing Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, Gibco-BRL Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) plus fetal bovine serum (10%), glutamine (0.2ml/L), gentamicin (0.5mg/ml) and penicillin/streptomycin (10ml/L).…”

“…The histological changes were evaluated and a tissue morphological score was performed based on the intensity and severity of lesions. The criteria included in the tissue score were previously described (Maidana et al, 2016), Briefly, the criteria used were villi atrophy, number of villi, presence of cellular debris, interstitial edema and villi apical necrosis, and enterocyte morphology. The maximum score (39) indicates the overall integrity of the intestine.…”