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Fatores associados à descontinuação do uso de anticoncepcionais orais combinados Associated factors with discontinuation use of combined oral contraceptives Artigo originalResumo OBJETIVO: Avaliar as razões para descontinuar diversos anticoncepcionais orais combinados entre mulheres brasileiras iniciantes do método, residentes em áreas urbanas. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal com 400 ginecologistas do Brasil, registrados na Federação Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. Cada médico entrevistou 10 mulheres não grávidas, não lactantes, não em amenorreia, com idades entre 18 e 39 anos que consultavam solicitando anticoncepcional oral combinado (ACO), com um questionário no início de uso e aos 6 meses posteriores. O questionário incluiu dados sociodemográficos, tipo de ACO escolhido ou prescrito e razões para descontinuação, caso ocorresse durante o seguimento. A estratégia de seleção permitiu a inclusão de mulheres de diferentes estratos socioeconômicos, mas somente atendidas em consultórios privados ou de convênios. O tamanho da amostra foi estimado em 1.427 mulheres. RESULTADOS: Foram obtidas 3.465 entrevistas na primeira visita e 1.699 aos 6 meses posteriores. As mulheres tinham predominantemente entre 20 e 29 anos, 57,3% eram solteiras e em proporção quase igual de 45% tinham ensino médio ou superior. A maioria (60,7%) era nuligestas e dentre as que tinham usado algum método contraceptivo anteriormente, 71,8% tinham utilizado ACO. Entre os ACO mais prescritos ou escolhidos, o mais prevalente foram os monofásicos com etinilestradiol (20 µg) e no tocante ao progestágeno, o mais prevalente foi com gestodeno (36,5%), seguido por ACO com drosperinona (22,0%). Aos 6 meses, 63,5% continuavam em uso do ACO. Dentre as que descontinuaram o uso, as principais razões dadas foram: desejo de engravidar (36,5%) e efeitos colaterais (57,3%) como cefaléia (37,6%), aumento de peso (16,6%) e sangramento irregular (23,6%). CONCLUSÕES: A taxa de continuação do uso de ACO foi baixa aos seis meses e este estudo pode contribuir para que os médicos orientem melhor suas pacientes iniciantes no uso de ACO sobre os eventos adversos esperados que são mínimos e temporários e sobre os benefícios não contraceptivos dos ACO.Abstract PURPOSE: Due to the scarce information available in Brazil in relation to the number of women who initiated the use of combined oral contraceptives and prematurely discontinued, the objective was to assess the reasons for discontinuation of the use of several combined oral contraceptives among Brazilian women living in urban areas. METHODS: A crosssectional study with 400 gynecologists registered withy the Brazilian Federation of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Each physician interviewed 10 non-pregnant, not breastfeeding, not amenorrheic women aged 18 to 39 years who consulted requesting combined oral contraceptive (COC) with a questionnaire at the beginning of use and at six months later. The questionnaire included sociodemographic data, type of COC chosen or prescribed and reasons for discontinuation w...

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) diagnosis is still a challenge in endemic areas with limited diagnostic resources. This study proposes a score with the potential to distinguish positive CVL cases from negative ones. We studied 265 dogs that tested positive for CVL on ELISA and parasitological tests. A score ranging between 0 and 19 was recorded on the basis of clinical signs. Dogs with CVL had an overall higher positivity of the majority of clinical signs than did dogs without CVL or with ehrlichiosis. Clinical signs such as enlarged lymph nodes (83.93%), muzzle/ear lesions (55.36%), nutritional status (51.79%), bristle condition (57.14%), pale mucosal colour (48.21%), onychogryphosis (58.93%), skin lesion (39.28%), bleeding (12.50%), muzzle depigmentation (41.07%), alopecia (39.29%), blepharitis (21.43%), and keratoconjunctivitis (42.86%) were more frequent in dogs with CVL than in dogs with ehrlichiosis or without CVL. Moreover, the clinical score increased according to the positivity of all diagnostic tests (ELISA, p < 0.001; parasite culture, p = 0.0021; and smear, p = 0.0003). Onychogryphosis (long nails) [odds ratio (OR): 3.529; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.832-6.796; p < 0.001], muzzle depigmentation (OR: 4.651; 95% CI: 2.218-9.750; p < 0.001), and keratoconjunctivitis (OR: 5.400; 95% CI: 2.549-11.441; p < 0.001) were highly associated with CVL. Interestingly, a score cut-off value ≥ 6 had an area under the curve of 0.717 (p < 0.0001), sensitivity of 60.71%, and specificity of 73.64% for CVL diagnosis. The clinical sign-based score for CVL diagnosis suggested herein can help veterinarians reliably identify dogs with CVL in endemic areas with limited diagnostic resources.

Human visceral leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease of major public health importance in developing countries, is characterized by variable degrees of severity of anemia, but the mechanisms underlying this change in peripheral blood have not been thoroughly explored. Here, we used an experimental model of visceral leishmaniasis in C57BL/6 mice to explore the basis of anemia following infection with Leishmania donovani. 28 days post-infection, mice showed bone marrow dyserythropoiesis by myelogram, with a reduction of TER119+ CD71−/+ erythroblasts. Reduction of medullary erythropoiesis coincided with loss of CD169high bone marrow stromal macrophages and a reduction of CXCL12-expressing stromal cells. Although the spleen is a site of extramedullary erythropoiesis and erythrophagocytosis, splenectomy did not impact the extent of anemia or affect the repression of medullary hematopoiesis that was observed in infected mice. In contrast, these changes in bone marrow erythropoiesis were not evident in B6.Rag2−/− mice, but could be fully reconstituted by adoptive transfer of IFNγ-producing but not IFNγ-deficient CD4+ T cells, mimicking the expansion of IFNγ-producing CD4+ T cells that occurs during infection in wild type mice. Collectively, these data indicate that anemia during experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis can be driven by defects associated with the bone marrow erythropoietic niche, and that this represents a further example of CD4+ T cell-mediated immunopathology affecting hematopoietic competence.

These data indicate that the parasite burden in patients with kala-azar was associated with age- and gender-associated factors and with HIV infection status. Acute malnutrition could be either a cause or a consequence of a higher parasite burden. An individual's parasite burden influences his or her clinical profile, disease severity and mortality risk. The best explanation for the presence of a higher parasite burden in individuals with these immunoregulatory conditions and severe disease is the occurrence of acquired immunosuppression followed by heightened innate immunity.