Effects of pentachlorophenol and some of its known and possible metabolites on fungi

Ruckdeschel, G.; Renner, Gerhard

doi:10.1128/aem.51.6.1370-1372.1986

Cited by 37 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The ability of a microorganism to tolerate high contaminant concentrations would be a distinct advantage for bioremediation of highly contaminated media. Reported tolerances of fungi to PCP vary greatly (10,31). The maximum concentration of PCP allowing fungal growth varied from 12 ppm for Chaetomium globosum Kunze:Fr.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensitivity to and Degradation of Pentachlorophenol by Phanerochaete spp

Lamar

Larsen

Kirk

1990

Appl Environ Microbiol

128

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This research measured mycelial extension rates of selected strains of Phanerochaete chrysorhiza, Phanerochaete laevis, Phanerochaete sanguinea, Phanerochaetefilamentosa, Phanerochaete sordida, Inonotus circinatus, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium and the ability of these organisms to tolerate and degrade the wood preservative pentachlorophenol (PCP) in an aqueous medium and in soil. Most of the tested species had mycelial extension rates in the range of c0.5 to 1.5 cm day-', but there were large interspecific differences. A notable exception, P. sordida, grew very rapidly, with an average mycelial extension rate of 2.68 cm day-' at 28°C. Rank of species by growth rate was as follows: P. chrysosporium > P. sordida > P. laevis > P. chrysorhiza = P. sanguinea > I. circinatus = P. filamentosa. There were also significant intraspecific differences in mycelial extension rates. For example, mycelial extension rates among strains of P. sordida ranged from 1.78 to 4.81 cm day-'. Phanerochaete spp. were very sensitive to PCP. Growth of several species was prevented by the presence of 5 ppm (5 ,ug/g) PCP. However, P. chrysosporium and P. sordida grew at 25 ppm PCP, albeit at greatly decreased mycelial extension rates. In an aqueous medium, mineralization of PCP by P. sordida 13 (ca. 12% after 30 days) was significantly greater than that by all other tested P. sordida strains and P. chrysosporium. After 64 days, the level of PCP had decreased by 96 and 82% in soil inoculated with P. chrysosporium and P. sordida, respectively. Depletion of PCP by these fungi occurred in a two-stage process. The first stage was characterized by a rapid depletion of PCP that coincided with an accumulation of pentachloroanisole (PCA). At the end of the first stage, ca. 64 and 71% of the PCP was converted to PCA in P. chrysosporium and P. sordida cultures, respectively. In the second stage, levels of PCP and PCA were reduced by 9.6 and 18%, respectively, in soil inoculated with P. chrysosporium and by 3 and 23%, respectively, in soil inoculated with P. sordida. PCA was mineralized by both P. chrysosporium and P. sordida in an aqueous medium.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the same study, adapted strains of C. fragrans grew at 280 ppm PCP. Mean inhibitory concentrations of PCP for fungi representing 14 genera, reported as the lowest concentration that completely inhibited growth, ranged from 15 to 133 ppm (31). Phanerochaete spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity to and Degradation of Pentachlorophenol by Phanerochaete spp

Lamar

Larsen

Kirk

1990

Appl Environ Microbiol

128

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“…The chloroanisoles produced by O-methylation are often less toxic to bacteria and fungi than the corresponding chlorophenols [43,113,[125][126][127], suggesting that O-methylation might function as a detoxification mechanism. However, the ability to O-methylate chlorophenols was found in strains enriched on chlorophenols and in strains that had no known previous exposure to a chlorophenol, indicating that the trait is not the results of adaptation to chlorophenols [108].…”

Section: Biotransformation Of Chlorinated Phenolic Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial breakdown of halogenated aromatic pesticides and related compounds

Häggblom

1992

FEMS Microbiology Letters

363

132

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Considerable progress has been made in the last few years in understanding the mechanisms of microbial degradation of halogenated aromatic compounds. Much is already known about the degradation mechanisms under aerobic conditions, and metabolism under anaerobiosis has lately received increasing attention. The removal of the halogen substituent is a key step in degradation of halogenated aromatics. This may occur as an initial step via reductive, hydrolytic or oxygenolytic mechanisms, or after cleavage of the aromatic ring at a later stage of metabolism. In addition to degradation, several biotransformation reactions, such as methylation and polymerization, may take place and produce more toxic or recalcitrant metabolites. Studies with pure bacterial and fungal cultures have given detailed information on the biodegradation pathways of several halogenated aromatic compounds. Several of the key enzymes have been purified or studied in cell extracts, and there is an increasing understanding of the organization and regulation of the genes involved in haloaromatic degradation. This review will focus on the biodegradation and biotransformation pathways that have been established for halogenated phenols, phenoxyalkanoic acids, benzoic acids, benzenes, anilines and structurally related halogenated aromatic pesticides. There is a growing interest in developing microbiological methods for clean‐up of soil and water contaminated with halogenated aromatic compounds.

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“…Along with other chlorophenols, PCP has been listed as a priority pollutant by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (16). Under aerobic conditions, PCP can be degraded by bacteria (2,8,29,34) and fungi (23,33). Aerobic organisms such as Flavobacterium spp.…”

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confidence: 99%

Performance of anaerobic granules for degradation of pentachlorophenol

Bhatnagar

Zeikus

1993

Appl Environ Microbiol

108

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Anaerobic granules degrading pentachlorophenol (PCP) with specific PCP removal activity up to 14.6 mg/g of volatile suspended solids per day were developed in a laboratory-scale anaerobic upflow sludge blanket reactor at 28°C, by using a mixture of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and methanol as the carbon source. The reactor was able to treat synthetic wastewater containing 40 to 60 mg of PCP per liter at a volumetric loading rate of up to 90 mg/liter of reactor volume per day, with a hydraulic retention time of 10.8 to 15 h. PCP removal of more than 99%o was achieved. Results of adsorption of PCP by granular biomass indicated that the PCP removal by the granules was due to biodegradation rather than adsorption. A radiotracer assay demonstrated that the PCP-degrading granules mineralized [14CJPCP to 14CH4 and 14Co2. Toxicity test results indicated that syntrophic propionate degraders and acetate-utilizing methanogens were more sensitive to PCP than syntrophic butyrate degraders. The PCP-degrading granules also exhibited a higher tolerance to the inhibition caused by PCP for methane production and degradation of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, compared with anaerobic granules unadapted to PCP. * Corresponding author. 389 ules on a synthetic wastewater containing PCP, acetate, propionate, butyrate, and methanol in a laboratory-scale UASB reactor at 28°C (5, 6). The maximum PCP removal rate of the granules was as high as 14.6 mg/g of volatile suspended solids (VSS) per day, and a stable volumetric PCP removal rate of 90 mg of PCP per liter per day was achieved. The purpose of this article was to examine the feasibility of the development of methanogenic granules with high dechlorinating activity and to investigate the performance of the granules in treating wastewaters containing high PCP concentrations in a laboratory-scale UASB reactor system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals and gases. All chemicals (analytical grade) except PCP were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo.); PCP was obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis.). Nitrogen gas and gas mixtures of N2-CO2 (95:5 and 70:30) were obtained from Linde Division, Union Carbide Corp. (Warren, Mich.), and passed over heated (370°C) copper filings to remove traces of 02. Analytical methods. Methane, methanol, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined by using gas chromatography as described elsewhere (43, 44). PCP in solution was determined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Samples (1.0 ml) were mixed with 0.5 ml of acetonitrile on a vortex mixer, centrifuged for 5 min at 5,500 x g with an Eppendorf 5415 centrifuge (Brinkmann Instruments, Inc., Westbury, N.Y.), and filtered through 0.45-,um-pore-size syringe filters (Acrodisc LC13; Gelman Sciences Co., Ann Arbor, Mich.). A Waters HPLC system, consisting of the model 501 pump, the Lambda-Max model 481 UV detector, and the model 740 data module, was used. Samples were injected by using a Rheodyne 7010 injector fitted with a 50-,ul loop. Separation was accomplished with a ...

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Effects of pentachlorophenol and some of its known and possible metabolites on fungi

Cited by 37 publications

References 16 publications

Sensitivity to and Degradation of Pentachlorophenol by Phanerochaete spp

Sensitivity to and Degradation of Pentachlorophenol by Phanerochaete spp

Microbial breakdown of halogenated aromatic pesticides and related compounds

Performance of anaerobic granules for degradation of pentachlorophenol

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