Effects of political and military traumas on children The palestinian case

Baker, Ahmad M.; Shalhoub‐Kevorkian, Nadera

doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00004-5

Cited by 115 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Paardekooper et al, 1999) and studies showing shattered intimate relations in war-traumatized families (Al-Krenawi, Graham, & Sehwail, 2004;Jordan et al, 1992). The results thus contradict the image of improved social relations and increased cohesion among people facing war and common threat (e.g., Baker & Shalhoub-Kevorkian, 1999).…”

Section: Trauma Negatively Affects Friendship and Sibling Relationsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…On the positive side, it has been suggested that in exposure to war trauma people are pulled together to survive and show altruism and willingness to share. Severe trauma is expected to lead to positive peer relationships which create feelings of safety and togetherness (Baker & Shalhoub-Kevorkian, 1999;Smith, Perrin, Yule, Hacam, & Stuvland, 2002). …”

Section: Traumatic Stress and Peer And Sibling Relationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Military trauma and social development: The moderating and mediating roles of peer and sibling relations in mental health

Peltonen

Qouta²,

Sarraj³

et al. 2010

International Journal of Behavioral Development

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We first examined how war-related traumatic events impact on peer and sibling relations, and how the quality of these relations in turn are associated with children's mental health, indicating a mediation model. Second, we tested the moderating (protective) effects of good peer and sibling relations in attenuating the link between trauma and mental health. The participants were 227 Palestinian boys and girls aged 10-14 years living in the Gaza Strip. They reported\ their exposure to military trauma, evaluated the qualities of peer relationships (loneliness and friendship) and siblingship (warmth, intimacy, conflict and rivalry), and reported symptoms of PTSD, CDI depression and SDQ psychological distress. The results show that exposure to military trauma was associated with intense rivalry in sibling relations and with low friendship quality especially among girls and younger children. The association between military trauma and symptoms was mediated by poor friendship and rivaling sibling relations. Only sibling relations but not peer relations had a moderating effect, as military trauma was not associated with severe symptoms among children who enjoyed considerable intimacy and warmth and lacked rivalry in their siblingships. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of the roles of peer and sibling relations in helping children in traumatic war conditions.

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Section: Trauma Negatively Affects Friendship and Sibling Relationsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Traumatic Stress and Peer And Sibling Relationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Military trauma and social development: The moderating and mediating roles of peer and sibling relations in mental health

Peltonen

Qouta²,

Sarraj³

et al. 2010

International Journal of Behavioral Development

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Trauma can overburden parents and can result in withdrawn and conflicting relations among family members (Byrne & Riggs, 1996). However, traumatic experiences can also bring families together when the need to survive acts as a social buffer (Baker & Shalhoub-Kevorkian, 1999). Traumatized children who realize that their parents are unable to protect them or provide a safe outlet for the expression of distress are vulnerable to experiencing mental illness (Scheeringa & Zeanah, 1995).…”

Section: Youth and Traumamentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental health and adaptation of young Liberians in post-conflict Liberia: a key informant's perspective

Dómínguez

Borba

Fatima

et al. 2013

International Journal of Culture and Mental Health

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Civil wars have been raging in regions of Africa, bringing tremendous emotional and physical mayhem and destruction to populations and infrastructures. Much attention has been given to descriptions of child soldiers and the war, but little is known about the circumstances of young Liberians in post-conflict situations. This study explores the ways in which young Liberians are surviving in the post-conflict Liberian context. We used qualitative data collected in Liberia using key informants focusing on individuals who work with young Liberians. We found that young Liberians are suffering from trauma and are engaging in violence, substance abuse, and sexual violence. They have also developed mechanisms for survival that include a high level of adultification, a phenomenon by which young people take on adult responsibilities. Key informants felt that young Liberians have problems respecting authority and accepting help. Furthermore, they are influenced by negative peers. These behaviors increase young Liberians' participation in high-risk behaviors, exacerbate existing trauma, and raise serious questions about the rebuilding of Liberia.

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“…However, the literature in this topic is still quite controversial, which indicates the need for a greater emphasis on sex differences in research (Beery and Zucker 2011). On the behavioral level it was shown that females experiencing trauma, physical abuse or maternal distress during infancy show higher rates of depression, anxiety and PTSD compared to males (Baker and Shalhoub-Kevorkian 1999;MacMillan et al 2001;Pitzer et al 2011). In contrast, males appear more vulnerable to develop schizophrenic symptoms in response to perinatal stress (van Os and Selten 1998).…”

Section: Sex-specific Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress in utero alters neonatal stress-induced regulation of the synaptic plasticity proteins Arc and Egr1 in a sex-specific manner

et al. 2014

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The present study in juvenile rats investigated a "two-hit model" to test the impact of prenatal stress exposure ("first hit") on the regulation of the synaptic plasticity immediate early genes Arc and Egr1 in response to a second neonatal stressor ("second hit") in a sex-specific manner. Three stress-exposed animal groups were compared at the age of 21 days in relation to unstressed controls (CON): preS animals were exposed to various unpredictable stressors during the last gestational trimester; postS animals were exposed to 45 min restraint stress at postnatal day 21, pre/postS animals were exposed to a combination of pre- and postnatal stress as described for the two previous groups. The postS and pre/postS groups were killed 2 h after exposure to the postnatal stressor, males and females were separately analyzed. In line with our hypothesis we detected sex-specific stress sensitivity for both analyzed proteins. Males did not show any significant changes in Arc expression irrespective of the stress condition. In contrast, females, which had been pre-exposed to prenatal stress, displayed an "amplified" Arc upregulation in response to postnatal stress (pre/postS group) compared to unstressed controls, which may reflect a "sensitization" effect of prenatal stress. For Egr1, the females did not show any stress-induced regulation irrespective of the stress condition, whereas in males, which were pre-exposed to prenatal stress, we observed a "protective" effect of prenatal stress on postnatal stress-induced downregulation of Egr1 expression (pre/postS group), which may indicate that prenatal stress exposure may induce "resilience".

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Effects of political and military traumas on children The palestinian case

Cited by 115 publications

References 31 publications

Military trauma and social development: The moderating and mediating roles of peer and sibling relations in mental health

Military trauma and social development: The moderating and mediating roles of peer and sibling relations in mental health

Mental health and adaptation of young Liberians in post-conflict Liberia: a key informant's perspective

Stress in utero alters neonatal stress-induced regulation of the synaptic plasticity proteins Arc and Egr1 in a sex-specific manner

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