Polymer based composites are the
backbone of piezoelectric flexible
devices, but the use of toxic compounds or requirement of high voltage
poling are the Achilles’ heel of this field. Herein, a lead-free,
self-poled, flexible, high performance piezoelectric nanogenerator
(PENG) is demonstrated based on a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)–ZnSnO3–MoS2 free-standing electrospun nanofiber
mat. ZnSnO3 and MoS2 were synthesized by a hydrothermal
route, and a composite nanofiber mat was prepared by the electrospinning
method. The structural study revealed an enhancement of the electroactive
β-phase of PVDF due to inclusion of MoS2. With the
optimized concentration of MoS2, the fabricated piezoelectric
device can generate open-circuit voltage, short circuit current, and
an instantaneous power density of 26 V, 0.5 μA, and 28.9 mW
m–2, respectively, with gentle finger tapping. This
power density is almost 18 times more than that of PENG made out of
pristine PVDF, and the enhancement in the performance is attributed
to the synergistic effect of interfacial action due to the piezoceramic
(ZnSnO3) and MoS2 in the PVDF matrix. Both ZnSnO3 and MoS2 interact with −CF and −CH
dipoles of PVDF to mobilize the bonds to enhance the electroactive
phase of PVDF. Biomechanical energy harvesting, sensing of movement
of different body parts, and real-time application such as charging
capacitors and powering a calculator were demonstrated using the as-fabricated
nanogenerator. The device showed reliable performance when tested
for 3000 cycles and durability over 50 days of storage. This superior
performance and robustness of the device make the PVDF–ZnSnO3–MoS2 based electrospun nanofiber mat an
ideal candidate for energy harvesting and sensing applications.