Effects of Prey Abundance on Density and Territorial Behavior of Young Rainbow Trout (<i>Salmo gairdneri</i>) in Laboratory Stream Channels

Slaney, P. A.; Northcote, T. G.

doi:10.1139/f74-143

Cited by 144 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…They may also have an indirect lethal effect by causing small brook trout to change habitats. Because survival in young stream salmonids is generally density-dependent (Hunt 1965, LeCren 1972 and the actual density that can survive in a particular place is related to habitat characteristics (Kalleberg 1958, Mason and Chapman 1965, Slaney and Northcote 1974, Mortensen 1977, Dill et al 1981, a change in habitat use may result in a reduction in the number of small brook trout that can survive. These last two potential effects of large rainbow trout on small brook trout may be the result of small brook trout perceiving large rainbow trout either as predators or as superior competitors.…”

Section: Species Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Population Responses to Multiple Anthropogenic Effects: A Case Study with Brook Trout

Marschall¹,

Crowder²

1996

Ecological Applications

102

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Abstract. Population declines are often caused by multiple factors, including anthropogenic ones that can be mitigated or reversed to enhance population recovery. We used a size-classified matrix population model to examine multiple anthropogenic effects on a population and determine which factors are most (or least) important to population dynamics. We modeled brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in southern Appalachian mountain streams responding to multiple anthropogenic effects including the introduction of an exotic salmonid species (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss), a decrease in pH (through acidic deposition), an increase in siltation (from roadbuilding and logging), and an increase in fishing pressure.Potential brook trout responses to rainbow trout include a decrease in survival rate of small fish, a change in density dependence in survival of small fish, and a decrease in growth rates of all sizes. When we included these responses in the population model, we found that population size tended to decrease with an increase in small-fish growth rate (producing a population with fewer, but larger, fish). In addition, changes in patterns of density-dependent survival also had a strong impact on both population size and size structure. Brook trout respond to decreases in pH with decreased growth rate in all size classes, decreased survival rates of small fish, and decreased egg-to-larva survival rates. This combination of effects, at magnitudes documented in laboratory experiments, had severe negative impacts on the modeled population. If siltation effects were severe, the extreme increase in egg-to-larva mortality could have strong negative effects on the population. However, even very strong increases in large fish mortality associated with sport harvesting were not likely to cause a local extinction. In all of these cases, the interaction of drastic changes in population size structure with randomly occurring floods or droughts may lead to even stronger negative impacts than those predicted from the deterministic model.Because these fish can reproduce at a small size, negative impacts on survival of the largest fish were not detrimental to the persistence of the population. Because survival of small juveniles is density dependent, even moderate decreases in survival in this stage had little effect on the ultimate population size. In general, a brook trout population will respond most negatively to factors that decrease survival of large juveniles and small adults, and growth rates of small juveniles.

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Section: Species Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Population Responses to Multiple Anthropogenic Effects: A Case Study with Brook Trout

Marschall¹,

Crowder²

1996

Ecological Applications

102

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“…Foraging sites with negative NEI values were set to zero by default. effect observed in experimental studies (Slaney and Northcote 1974;Keeley 2001;Imre et al 2004). Interestingly, studies incorporating invertebrate drift abundance into estimates of NEI have found positive correlations between salmonid abundance and energy intake rates (Jenkins and Keeley 2010;Urabe et al 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Bioenergetic calculations evaluate changes to habitat quality for salmonid fishes in streams treated with salmon carcass analog

Keeley

Campbell

Kohler

2016

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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Nutrient supplementation in oligotrophic streams is proposed as a means of mitigating losses of marine-derived subsidies from declining or extirpated populations of anadromous fishes. One of the central predictions of nutrient addition is an increased production of fish through bottom-up increases in invertebrate abundance. Such changes in food availability may increase growth and production rates for stream fishes by increasing habitat quality. In this study we apply bioenergetic calculations to estimate changes to habitat quality based on predicted increases in net energy intake. We compared invertebrate drift abundance and estimated changes in energy availability in streams treated with salmon carcass analog versus untreated controls. Our results revealed a two-to threefold increase in invertebrate drift abundance following the addition of salmon carcass analog; however, this effect appeared to be short-term. Measures of the energetic profitability of stream habitat for salmonid fishes revealed small, yet significant, increases in net energy availability in streams that received analog additions, but only after controlling for differences in physical habitat features such as temperature and stream flow.

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“…Nonetheless, research on a presumed optimal size of salmonid territory which would be linked to the quantity of food available proved inconclusive (Slaney and Northcote, 1974;Symons, 1971), except when Dill et al (1981), studying the coho salmon, found a significant inverse relation between territorial size and the quantity of benthic food inside the territory. Yet they were unable to identify the same relation when food was floating above the territories of the subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social and spatial structure in brook chars (Salvelinus fontinalis) under competition for food and shelter/shade

Caron

Beaugrand

1988

Behavioural Processes

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Salmonids, outside their reproductive period, are seen to have two types of territory called "territorial mosaic" and "partial territory". The first aspect of this research aimed at identifying the type of territory established by mature brook chars in artificial streams. After this, the biological value of spacing out was studied with regard to two resources: food, and shelter/shade which gives protection. Three 5 X 1 X 1 m artificial streams were built on the edge of a natural brook which provided a continuous water supply. One hundred and fifty mature brook chars (Salvelinus fontinalis) taken from that brook were distributed into 30 colonies with 5 members apiece. Three experimental conditions were created, and 10 colonies were submitted to each of these. In the first experimental condition, the quality of shelter/shade differed in 3 sectors of the artificial streams, whereas the quantity of food remained the same for all 3. In the second experimental condition, the quality of shelter/shade was identical, while the quantity of food differed in the 3 sectors. In the last condition, conflict was created: the fish had to choose between an area which offered excellent shelter/shade but no food, one which provided ample nourishment but no shelter/shade, and one in which all those resources were present at intermediate levels. Observation of the 30 colonies revealed "partial territory" in all cases. These corresponded to more or less complete aggressive-dominance hierarchies. Almost every alpha established territory, and the number of territorial individuals progressively decreased throughout inferior ranks. Alphas had exclusive use of their territory. Lower-ranking individuals successfully defended their territory against their subordinates, but were unable to drive away higher-ranking conspecifics. Overall results also indicated that the highest-ranking brook chars in the aggressive-dominance hierarchies more frequently established their territories in sectors of the streams with good shelter/shade than in sectors with good alimentary conditions.

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Effects of Prey Abundance on Density and Territorial Behavior of Young Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Laboratory Stream Channels

Cited by 144 publications

References 14 publications

Assessing Population Responses to Multiple Anthropogenic Effects: A Case Study with Brook Trout

Assessing Population Responses to Multiple Anthropogenic Effects: A Case Study with Brook Trout

Bioenergetic calculations evaluate changes to habitat quality for salmonid fishes in streams treated with salmon carcass analog

Social and spatial structure in brook chars (Salvelinus fontinalis) under competition for food and shelter/shade

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