Effects of process parameters in synthesizing Sn nanoparticles via chemical reduction

Abstract

In order to prepare solder particles for fine pitch interconnections, Sn nanoparticles were synthesized via chemical reduction methods. A number of the process parameters, i.e., injection rate of a precursor solution, application of sonication, reaction temperature, types of reaction medium and capping agent, and drying temperature, are varied in order to study their effect on this process. Using a methanol solution containing 1,10-phenathroline monohydrate, the size of Sn nanoparticles collected after the synthesis decreases as the injection rate increases. An increase in the drying temperature strengthens the degree of agglomeration between Sn nanoparticles, and, in addition, the application of sonication accelerates the process of agglomeration and aggregation between nanoparticles during synthesis. Much smaller Sn nanoparticles are synthesized in diethylene-glycol solutions containing PVP, compared to the methanol solutions with 1,10-phenathroline monohydrate. In the synthesis using diethylene-glycol solutions, the Sn nanoparticle size increases quickly with the reaction temperature.

Preparation of SnO₂ Powders by Modified Polyol Synthesis Using 1,2-Propanediol and Calcination

“…Hence, it was confirmed that the synthesized nanoparticles agglomerated during the drying process, resulting in the formation of larger particles. This agglomeration, during drying, of nanoparticles capped with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) has been reported previously as well [20]. The agglomerated particles were found to be not porous, but dense, as can be seen from Fig.…”

Low‐Temperature Sn0 Nanoparticles Synthesis by Means of Tin(II) N,N‐Complexes Reduction

“…The unwanted/undesired agglomeration is typically reduced by the surfactant. We used PVP as the most effective stabilizing agent avoiding nanoparticle agglomeration and surface oxidation [20–21] . The advantage of PVP as a stabilizing agent is the low influence of the particle growth, wide applications for nanoparticles stabilization and a high affinity to SnO x , the disadvantage is a higher crystallite size of prepared Sn 0 particles in comparison with the citrate or hydrobenzamide stabilized particles for a similar synthesis condition (160, and 90 and 50 nm respectively) [21] .…”

“…The strong influence on the properties of final nanoparticles has been reported for different reduction agents (e. g. diethylene glycol, [14] Na[BH 4 ], [3a,15] K[BH 4 ], [16] NaH, [17] n‐BuLi [18] or KC 8 [19] ). Equally important is the role of the precursors, [14] complexing agents modifying the reaction route (e. g. 1,10 N,N‐phenantroline [15b,20] ), or surfactants for the stabilization of the colloid [15b,20–21] . The thermal decomposition of organometallic complexes was also tested as an alternative route for Sn 0 nanoparticles preparation e. g. [[Sn(NMe 2 ) 2 ] 2 ] at 140 °C, [22] [Sn(salen)] at 650 °C [4b] or Bu 3 SnPh (tributylphenyltin) at 700 °C.…”

Resistance to Oxidation at 150℃ of Sub-Micrometer Diameter Silver-Coated Copper Particles Produced by Wet Chemical Synthesis and Immersion Plating

“…The increase in size observed in the sample with a ratio of 5:5 is attributed to an increase in agglomeration due to collision between primary Cu particles that are explosively formed during synthesis in the absence of a surfactant. [21][22][23] The yield of Cu particles obtained through synthesis at 90 C for 20 min with different volume ratios of hydrazine hydrate to ammonium hydroxide, as shown in Fig. 5, was calculated by dividing the weight of Cu particles obtained by the weight of Cu in the precursor.…”