Effects of prolonged use of virtual reality smartphone-based head-mounted display on visual parameters: a randomised controlled trial

Abstract

We investigated the effects of using a virtual reality smartphone-based head-mounted display (VR SHMD) device for 2 h on visual parameters. Fifty-eight healthy volunteers were recruited. The participants played games using VR SHMD or smartphones for 2 h on different days. Visual parameters including refraction, accommodation, convergence, stereopsis, and ocular alignment and measured choroidal thickness before and after the use of VR SHMD or smartphones were investigated. Subjective symptoms were assessed using questionnaires. We analyzed the differences in visual parameters before and after the use of VR SHMD or smartphones and correlations between baseline visual parameters and those after the use of the devices. Significant changes were observed in near-point convergence and accommodation, exophoric deviation, stereopsis, and accommodative lag after the use of VR SHMD but not after that of smartphones. The subjective discomfort associated with dry eye and neurologic symptoms were more severe in the VR group than in the smartphone group. There were no significant changes in refraction and choroidal thickness after the use of either of the two devices. The poorer the participants’ accommodation and convergence ability the greater the resistance to changes in these visual parameters, and participants with a large exophoria were more prone to worsening of exophoria than those with a small exophoria.

Exploring Experiential Patterns Depending on Time Lapses in Virtual Reality Spectatorship (VRS): The Role of Interruption in Reducing Satiation

“…For example, a previous study examined the effect of VRS on consumption experiences, including telepresence, flow experience, and satisfaction in a five-minute stimulus [1,25]; thus, it was uncertain whether such positive outcomes could be maintained in a prolonged viewing episode. Additionally, numerous experts in the field of VR technologies have pointed out potential negative outcomes of long usages of VR [7,78,79]. The present study provides evidence regarding positive outcomes of VRS in a long viewing episode.…”

Assessment of Choroidal Vascularity and Choriocapillaris Blood Perfusion After Accommodation in Myopia, Emmetropia, and Hyperopia Groups Among Children

“…Swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) in combination with OCT angiography (OCTA) allows us to obtain choroidal information, such as CT, choroidal vascularity (CV), and choriocapillaris luminal area (CLA) comprehensively and simultaneously; it has been widely used for choroidal studies ( Zhang et al, 2019 ; Wu et al, 2021a , b ). To date, previous accommodation-related choroidal studies have been mostly conducted in adults ( Woodman et al, 2012 ; Ghosh et al, 2014 ; Woodman-Pieterse et al, 2015 ; Yoon et al, 2021 ), and only few studies have investigated the effects of accommodation in the choroid of children, which is the main stage of myopia development ( Cumberland et al, 2007 ; Morgan et al, 2012 ; Golebiewska et al, 2019 ). Furthermore, most previous accommodation-related choroidal studies only included emmetropia and myopia groups but not a hyperopia group.…”

Inclusivity in stereoscopic XR: Human vision first

“…Unlike the natural world, any change of accommodation within the HMD defocuses the entirety of the pair of two-dimensional images, inhibiting the construction of a 3D percept. Thus, current consumer HMD technologies present a vergenceaccommodation conflict (Hoffman et al, 2008), inducing visual stress in the HMD wearer which may cause transient changes in their vergence and accommodation behaviour (Yoon et al, 2021;Banstola et al, 2022;Souchet et al, 2022) making it more demanding to maintain binocular fusion.…”