Effects of protocatechuic acid on ameliorating lipid profiles and cardio-protection against coronary artery disease in high fat and fructose diet fed in rats

Abstract

A coronary heart disease leads to increase in obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Protocatechuic acid (PCA), due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuro protective activities was found efficient as cardio-protective in coronary heart disease. Our study investigated hypolipidemic and cardioprotective effects of protocatechuic acid in the coronary artery disease induced by high fat and fructose diet (HFD) rat models. A diet rich in fat and fructose was fed to male wistar rats prior to the start of experimental procedures. Serum lipid levels and hepatic triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels were examined and analyzed. Both in-vitro an in-vivo pancreatic lipase activity was determined as well. Histopathological examination was performed and their results were noted. Noteworthy reduction of serum lipid levels and hepatic TG and TC levels was seen in groups treated with simvastatin (SIM; 20 mg/kg) and PCA (50 & 100 mg/kg) in comparison to HFD groups. Pancreatic lipase activity was reduced in the SIM group and the group treated with doses of PCA (50 and 100 mg/kg). A marked increase in gain in body weight per week (p < 0.05) was achieved in HFD group. Coronary risk index (CRI) and Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) showed decreased index values after treatments with SIM and PCA (50 and 100 mg/kg) respectively. Our findings confirmed the efficacious cardio-protective and hypolipidaemic activities of protocatechuic acid in coronary artery disease induced in rats with fat and fructose rich diet.

Protocatechuic acid abrogates oxidative insults, inflammation, and apoptosis in liver and kidney associated with monosodium glutamate intoxication in rats

“…On the other hand, concomitant PCA administration with MSG provoked potent hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic activities which agree with recent studies (El-Sonbaty et al 2019, Li et al 2020. PCA showed notable decrease in the activity of pancreatic lipase that is essential for absorption of triglycerides from the gastrointestinal tract (Li et al 2020). Similar results were previously reported in diabetic, and D-galactosamine-exposed rats (Harini &Pugalendi 2010, Radhiga et al 2016.…”

“…High blood glucose level possibly attributed to encouragement of hepatic gluconeogenesis as well as low tissue insulin sensitivity (Seiva et al 2012). On the other hand, concomitant PCA administration with MSG provoked potent hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic activities which agree with recent studies (El-Sonbaty et al 2019, Li et al 2020. PCA showed notable decrease in the activity of pancreatic lipase that is essential for absorption of triglycerides from the gastrointestinal tract (Li et al 2020).…”

“…Similar results were previously reported in diabetic, and D-galactosamine-exposed rats (Harini &Pugalendi 2010, Radhiga et al 2016. Also, PCA displayed marked decreases in lipid pro le biomarkers associated with coronary artery disease in rats fed on high fat and fructose diet (Li et al 2020).…”

Chia seeds and chemical‐elicited sprouts supplementation ameliorates insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis in obese rats

“…SA chia sprouts exerted the highest reduction in BWG, and this material had the highest TPC content. Our group found that elicitation with SA in chia sprouts increased mainly di‐hydroxybenzoic acid (data not shown) and its most representative isomer, the protocatechuic acid, reduced BWG in rats fed HFFD (Li et al, 2020).…”

Protocatechuic acid protects hepatocytes against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress

“…Especially, we expect that the diseases due to compromised H 2 O 2 reduction in human body such as decreased expression of peroxisome can easily be treated with PCA. In addition, PCA’s antioxidant capacity can be linked to anti-inflammatory activity and the phenolic compound can be used to treat inflammation-related diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases ( Kaewmool et al, 2020 ), coronary artery disease ( Li et al, 2020a ), and allergic asthma ( Li et al, 2020b ).…”