Effects of Quantity and Quality of Dietary Protein on Certain Enzyme Activities in Rainbow Trout

Cowey, C. B.; Cooke, D.; Matty, A. J.; Adron, J. W.

doi:10.1093/jn/111.2.336

Cited by 54 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…However, when cats were given high (700 g/kg) and low (170 g/kg) crude protein diets, there was little adaptation in the activities of the aminotransferases of general N metabolism to dietary protein (Rogers et al 1977). This lack of enzymic adaptation in cats was similar to that reported in other carnivorous species such as trout (Cowey et al 1981), alligators (Coulson & Hernandez, 1983), vultures (Migliorini et al 1973), and barn owls (Myers & Klasing, 1999).…”

Section: High Protein Requirement and Amino Acid Metabolismsupporting

confidence: 67%

Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptations

Morris

2002

NRR

140

147

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Cats have obligatory requirements for dietary nutrients that are not essential for other mammals. The present review relates these idiosyncratic nutritional requirements to activities of enzymes involved in the metabolic pathways of these nutrients. The high protein requirement of cats is a consequence of the lack of regulation of the aminotransferases of dispensable N metabolism and of the urea cycle enzymes. The dietary requirements for taurine and arginine are consequences of low activities of two enzymes in the pathways of synthesis that have a negative multiplicative effect on the rate of synthesis. Cats have obligatory dietary requirements for vitamin D and niacin which are the result of high activities of enzymes that catabolise precursors of these vitamins to other compounds. The dietary requirement for pre-formed vitamin A appears to result from deletion of enzymes required for cleavage and oxidation of carotenoids. The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) requirements have not been defined but low activities of desaturase enzymes indicate that cats may have a dietary need for pre-formed PUFA in addition to those needed by other animals to maintain normal plasma concentrations. The nutrient requirements of domestic cats support the thesis that their idiosyncratic requirements arose from evolutionary pressures arising from a rigorous diet of animal tissue. These pressures may have favoured energy conservation through deletion of redundant enzymes and modification of enzyme activities to result in metabolites more suited to the cat's metabolism. However, this retrospective viewpoint allows only recognition of association rather than cause and effect.

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Section: High Protein Requirement and Amino Acid Metabolismsupporting

confidence: 67%

Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptations

Morris

2002

NRR

140

147

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“…At first feeding, the liver, which governs lipid regulation during embryogenesis with the use of yolk reserves, regulates glycaemia (Vernier and Sire, 1976). The conservation of an active gluconeogenic pathway in exogenous feeding alevins as well as in juveniles (Marandel et al, 2015;Seiliez et al, 2011) fed without dietary carbohydrates thus made it possible to sustain endogenous glucose demands for the maintenance of normoglycaemia (Cowey et al, 1981;French et al, 1981;Cowey, 1979, 1983). Moreover, genes involved in the glycolytic pathway were maintained ( pfkl paralogues and pklr gene) or only weakly increased expression (gck genes) with advancing nutritional transition, confirming the observations of Mennigen et al (2013).…”

Section: Studying Duplicated Glucose Metabolism-related Genes New Insmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose metabolism ontogenesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the light of the recently sequenced genome: new tools for intermediary metabolism programming

Marandel

Véron

Surget

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a carnivorous fish species, displays a 'glucose-intolerant' phenotype when fed a highcarbohydrate diet. The importance of carbohydrate metabolism during embryogenesis and the timing of establishing this later phenotype are currently unclear. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the poor ability of carnivorous fish to use dietary carbohydrates as a major energy substrate are not well understood. It has recently been shown in trout that duplicated genes involved in glucose metabolism may participate in establishing the glucoseintolerant phenotype. The aim of this study was therefore to provide new understanding of glucose metabolism during ontogenesis and nutritional transition, taking into consideration the complexity of the trout genome. Trout were sampled at several stages of development from fertilization to hatching, and alevins were then fed a noncarbohydrate or a high-carbohydrate diet during first feeding. mRNA levels of all glucose metabolism-related genes increased in embryos during the setting up of the primitive liver. After the first meal, genes rapidly displayed expression patterns equivalent to those observed in the livers of juveniles. g6pcb2.a (a glucose 6-phosphatase-encoding gene) was up-regulated in alevins fed a high-carbohydrate diet, mimicking the expression pattern of gck genes. The g6pcb2.a gene may contribute to the non-inhibition of the last step of gluconeogenesis and thus to establishing the glucose-intolerant phenotype in trout fed a high-carbohydrate diet as early as first feeding. This information is crucial for nutritional programming investigations as it suggests that first feeding would be too late to programme glucose metabolism in the long term.

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“…Arginase, EC 3. Walton et al 1984); fructose diphosphatase, EC 3.1.3.11 (Opie and Newsholme 1967); glutamate dehydrogenase, EC 1.4.1.2 (Casey et al 1983); histidine deaminase, EC 4.3.1.3 (Cowey et al 1981a); * Body wt(g) x 100/length (cm)' + = hepatic somatic index (liver wt x 100/body wt) All samples taken 20 hr post feeding. Values given are means _+ S.E.…”

Section: Enzyme Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic effects of feeding a high protein/low carbohydrate diet as compared to a low protein/high carbohydrate diet to rainbow troutSalmo gairdneri

Walton¹

1986

Fish Physiol Biochem

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Groups of trout were fed either a high protein/low carbohydrate (HP/LC) or a low protein/high carbohydrate (LP/HC) diet for 16 weeks. Fish fed the HP/LC diet had significantly higher levels of protein, ninhydrin positive material and tryptophan in plasma as well as lipid and protein in liver, but lower levels of glucose in plasma, glycogen in liver and a lower hepatosomatic index compared with fish fed the LP/HC diet. There were no differences concentrations of tryptophan or serotonin in the brain of fish fed the different diets. Fish fed the HP/LC diet had significantly lower activities of glycolytic enzymes but higher activities of gluconeogenic enzymes compared with the group fed the LP/HC diet. Those enzymes measured concerned with the TCA cycle or initiating amino acid catabolism were generally unaffected by diet although activities of threonine dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase were higher in those fish fed the HP/LC diet. The data suggest that rainbow trout show little adaptation in activities of amino acid catabolising enzymes to variations in dietary protein intake.

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Effects of Quantity and Quality of Dietary Protein on Certain Enzyme Activities in Rainbow Trout

Cited by 54 publications

References 26 publications

Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptations

Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptations

Glucose metabolism ontogenesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the light of the recently sequenced genome: new tools for intermediary metabolism programming

Metabolic effects of feeding a high protein/low carbohydrate diet as compared to a low protein/high carbohydrate diet to rainbow troutSalmo gairdneri

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