Effects of rapid weight loss and regain on body composition and energy expenditure

Abstract

Weight-classified athletes need an energy intake plan to accomplish target weight reduction. They have to consider body composition and energy metabolism during rapid weight loss followed by rapid weight regain to achieve their energy intake plan. We investigated the effects of rapid weight loss, followed by weight regain, on body composition and energy expenditure. Ten weight-classified athletes were instructed to reduce their body weight by 5% in 7 days. Following the weight loss, they were asked to try to regain all of their lost weight with an ad libitum diet for 12 h. Food intake was recorded during the baseline, weight loss, and regain periods. Fat mass, total body water, and fat-free dry solids were estimated by underwater weighing and stable isotope dilution methods. A three-component model was calculated using Siri's equation. Basal and sleeping metabolic rates were measured by indirect calorimetry. Body composition and energy expenditure were measured before and after weight loss and after weight regain. Body weight, total body water, and fat-free dry solids were decreased after the weight loss period but recovered after weight regain (p < 0.05). Basal metabolic rate did not change throughout the study. Sleeping metabolic rate decreased significantly during weight loss but recovered after weight regain. Changes in total body water greatly affect body weight during rapid weight loss and regain. In addition, rapid weight loss and regain did not greatly affect the basal metabolic rate in weight-classified athletes.

Energy Requirement Assessment and Water Turnover in Japanese College Wrestlers Using the Doubly Labeled Water Method

“…Weight-classified athletes such as wrestlers need to evaluate energy expenditure and physical activity using highly accuracy estimatation methods because they need a high degree of weight and diet control for their competitions (29). Previously, we reported weightclassified athletes' physical activity using a tri-accelerometer and training records (8). There are, however, limitations to the assessment of physical activity using an accelerometer: they are difficult to wear for combat sports players during training, because they might tend to underestimate upper limb movement; there is little movement resistance training: and they do not measure diet-induced thermogenesis or post-exercise oxygen consumption.…”

“…The urine samples were analyzed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (Hydra 20-20 Stable Isotope Mass Spectrometers; SerCon Ltd., Crewe, UK). Our previous study provides details regarding the IRMS analysis (8). The .…”

“…It is a weight-class sport and as elite athletes are involved in daily training and competition, it is essential to determine their energy and water requirements to aid in maintaining optimal weight (1)(2)(3)(4). Other sports based on body-weight classification similar to wrestling, such as judo and boxing, also need accurate measures of requirements to establish an energy-and-water-intake plan to accomplish athletes' target body weight for matches (5)(6)(7)(8). The doubly labeled water (DLW) method has been proposed as a criterion method to estimate energy requirement (EER) because it is an accurate and objective method for measuring total energy expenditure (TEE) and water turnover for field athlete studies in free-living conditions with minimum constraints (9, 10).…”

Associations between the rate, amount, and composition of weight loss as predictors of spontaneous weight regain in adults achieving clinically significant weight loss: A systematic review and meta‐regression

“…Studies in healthy weight individuals (BMI <25 kg/m 2 ) were excluded due to a lack of studies necessary for sub‐analysis. Studies in athletes were excluded as the dynamic of weight loss in this group varies from the target population (ie, rapid weight loss is used to target water and glycogen depletion).…”

Measuring the impact of weight cycling on body composition

“…D2O, densitometry or DXA all require a constant hydration of FFM to give a valid result. However, at the beginning of weight loss hydration of FFM shows a sizeable transient decrease that may explain up to 100% of weight loss in competitive weight-classified athletes who cycle their weight by 5% within a week [15,16]. With semistarvation, up to 300 g of glycogen is catabolized and about 500 g of water and associated electrolytes are lost from intracellular compartments [17].…”