Effects of Raw Material Source on the Properties of CMC Composite Films

Abstract

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) can be derived from a variety of cellulosic materials and is widely used in petroleum mining, construction, paper making, and packaging. CMCs can be derived from many sources with the final properties reflecting the characteristics of the original lignocellulosic matrix as well as the subsequent separation steps that affect the degree of carboxy methyl substitution on the cellulose hydroxyls. While a large percentage of CMCs is derived from wood pulp, many other plant sources may produce more attractive properties for specific applications. The effects of five plant sources on the resulting properties of CMC and CMC/sodium alginate/glycerol composite films were studied. The degree of substitution and resulting tensile strength in leaf-derived CMC was from 0.87 to 0.89 and from 15.81 to 16.35 MPa, respectively, while the degree of substitution and resulting tensile strength in wooden materials-derived CMC were from 1.08 to 1.17 and from 26.08 to 28.97 MPa, respectively. Thus, the degree of substitution and resulting tensile strength tended to be 20% lower in leaf-derived CMCs compared to those prepared from wood or bamboo. Microstructures of bamboo cellulose, bamboo CMC powder, and bamboo leaf CMC composites’ films all differed from pine-derived material, but plant source had no noticeable effect on the X-ray diffraction characteristics, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra, or pyrolysis properties of CMC or composites films. The results highlighted the potential for using plant source as a tool for varying CMC properties for specific applications.

Chemical and Enzymatic Fiber Modification to Enhance the Mechanical Properties of CMC Composite Films

“…The relative crystallinity of eucalyptus bark and cellulose were 46.39 and 55.07%, respectively, again indicating that the cellulose was successfully extracted. The diffraction peaks of bark-derived CMC were at 2θ = 19.95 and 31.8°, which were similar to the diffraction peaks obtained from commercially available CMC, indicating successful transformation of cellulose to CMC ( Figure 4 ) [ 4 , 43 ].…”

“…The final residual weights of the films were 28, 32, 35, and 22 wt%, respectively. The addition of plant fibers resulted in an increase in the required decomposition temperature and an increase in the final weight residue ( Figure 5 ) [ 4 , 46 ].…”

“…CMC is hygroscopic, relatively light and heat stable, and transparent in aqueous solutions [ 1 ]. CMC is widely used in oil drilling, food packaging, concrete modification, and soil improvement [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. The degree of substitution (DS, average number of hydroxyl groups substituted with carboxymethyl groups per anhydroglucose unit (AGU)) has a major influence on the properties, and therefore the potential uses, of CMC.…”

Preparation and characterization of nanocellulose fiber (CNF) by biological enzymatic method

“…No peak was observed at around 1500 cm À1 due to the vibration of the aromatic skeleton in the lignin plane, and no peak was observed at around 1740 cm À1 due to hemicellulose. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] These results show that cellulose can be extracted from SJ, CF and PY by both CM1 and BM2, and there is almost no residual lignin or hemicellulose. Moreover, the peak strength of cellulose prepared by BM2 at 3400 cm À1 , 1060 cm À1 , 890 cm À1 is significantly higher than that prepared by chemical method and might be associated with the crystallinity of the samples.…”

Utilization of Jute Waste for Sustainable Eco-Film Preparation

“…21 CMC, a semi-crystalline chemical, can produce highly watersoluble, non-toxic, affordable, and biodegradable films with excellent film-building capabilities. 8 Additionally, CMC finds diverse applications in food packaging, 22 personal care products, 23 medicines, textiles, 24 fabrications, 25 papers, 26 adhesives, and ceramics. 27 It is in high demand in the scientific, industrial, and commercial sectors.…”