Effects of reduced ambient temperature on fat utilization during submaximal exercise

Layden, Joseph D.; Patterson, Mark J.; Nimmo, Myra A.

doi:10.1097/00005768-200205000-00008

Cited by 34 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In another study, researchers found that trigeminal nerve stimulation using cold sprays and fan on the face was associated with a reduction in heart rate during exercise [14]. Although these mechanisms should be further investigated by measuring skin blood flow and stroke volume, our current results suggest that even mild body cooling reduces heart rate during exercise, similar to previously published data [3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Exposure to severe cold with a decrease in rectal and skin temperatures has been shown to enhance fat oxidation during running and walking [3] while lipid and carbohydrate oxidation during submaximal exercise does not differ between mild cooling and neutral environments [5]. In our study, skin temperature was decreased by mild body cooling, while the rectal temperature did not differ between the two trials.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 41%

“…Previous studies examining the effects of exposure to cold on physiological parameters have typically decreased ambient temperature as a method for exposure to cold [3][4][5][6]. In the present study, the ambient temperature and relative humidity were the same in the mild body cooling and control trials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Despite differences in the degree of cold exposure, researchers have consistently observed heart rate reductions during exercise in a cold environment, compared to that during exercise in a neutral environment [3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Mild Decrease In Skin Temperature Reduces the Heart Rate Durmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, researchers examining the effect of exposure to the cold on physiological parameters have used a decrease in ambient temperature as the cold stimulus and have observed reductions in skin temperature of more than 5°C [3][4][5]. In addition, a previous study examined the effects of a 1.5°C-decrease in skin temperature using evaporative cooling shirts on peripheral blood flow at rest, but did not examine the effects during exercise [7].…”

Section: Mild Decrease In Skin Temperature Reduces the Heart Rate Durmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mild Decrease in Skin Temperature Reduces the Heart Rate during Moderate Exercise

Konishi¹,

Tabata²,

Ando³

et al. 2017

JSS

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Abstract:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a mild decrease in skin temperature on the heart rate, substrate oxidation, and hormonal responses during exercise. Ten young men performed treadmill exercises approximately 65% of their maximal oxygen uptake for 60 min under two trials: (1) mild body cooling trial, and (2) control trial. Rectal and skin temperatures were recorded during and after exercise. Heart rate and oxygen uptake were monitored during exercise. Blood samples for catecholamine, cortisol, free fatty acid, insulin, and glucose concentrations were collected before, immediately after, and 1 h after exercise. In the mild body cooling trial, mean skin temperature decreased by 1.7 ± 0.7°C in the last minutes of exercise, compared with before exercise. No differences in rectal temperature were seen between the two trials. Although oxygen uptake during exercise and blood parameters did not differ between the trials, heart rate and subjective fatigue during exercise was lower in the mild body cooling trial than in the control trial. This study suggests that mild body cooling reduces the heart rate and subjective fatigue during moderate exercise, but does not affect substrate oxidation or hormonal responses to exercise.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 41%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Mild Decrease In Skin Temperature Reduces the Heart Rate Durmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mild Decrease In Skin Temperature Reduces the Heart Rate Durmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mild Decrease in Skin Temperature Reduces the Heart Rate during Moderate Exercise

Konishi¹,

Tabata²,

Ando³

et al. 2017

JSS

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Effect of ambient temperature on endurance performance while wearing cross-country skiing clothing

et al. 2012

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This study assessed the effects of exposure to cold (-14 and -9 °C), cool (-4 and 1 °C) and moderate warm (10 and 20 °C) environments on aerobic endurance performance-related variables: maximal oxygen consumption (VO(2max)), running time to exhaustion (TTE), running economy and running speed at lactate threshold (LT). Nine male endurance athletes wearing cross-country ski racing suit performed a standard running test at six ambient temperatures in a climatic chamber with a wind speed of 5 m s(-1). The exercise protocol consisted of a 10-min warm-up period followed by four submaximal periods of 5 min at increasing intensities between 67 and 91 % of VO(2max) and finally a maximal test to exhaustion. During the time course mean skin temperature decreased significantly with reduced ambient temperatures whereas T (re) increased during all conditions. T (re) was lower at -14 °C than at -9 and 20 °C. Running economy was significantly reduced in warm compared to cool environments and was also reduced at 20 °C compared to -9 °C. Running speed at LT was significantly higher at -4 °C than at -9, 10 and 20 °C. TTE was significantly longer at -4 and 1 °C than at -14, 10 and 20 °C. No significant differences in VO(2max) were found between the various ambient conditions. The optimal aerobic endurance performance wearing a cross-country ski racing suit was found to be -4 and 1 °C, while performance was reduced under moderate warm (10 and 20 °C) and cold (-14 and -9 °C) ambient conditions.

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Preparing for the Nordic Skiing Events at the Beijing Olympics in 2022: Evidence-Based Recommendations and Unanswered Questions

Sandbakk

Solli

Talsnes

et al. 2021

J. of SCI. IN SPORT AND EXERCISE

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At the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, the XC skiing, biathlon and nordic combined events will be held at altitudes of ~ 1700 m above sea level, possibly in cold environmental conditions and while requiring adjustment to several time zones. However, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may lead to sub-optimal preparations. The current commentary provides the following evidence-based recommendations for the Olympic preparations: make sure to have extensive experience of training (> 60 days annually) and competition at or above the altitude of competition (~ 1700 m), to optimize and individualize your strategies for acclimatization and competition. In preparing for the Olympics, 10–14 days at ~ 1700 m seems to optimize performance at this altitude effectively. An alternative strategy involves two–three weeks of training at > 2000 m, followed by 7–10 days of tapering off at ~ 1700 m. During each of the last 3 or 4 days prior to departure, shift your sleeping and eating schedule by 0.5–1 h towards the time zone in Beijing. In addition, we recommend that you arrive in Beijing one day earlier for each hour change in time zone, followed by appropriate timing of exposure to daylight, meals, social contacts, and naps, in combination with a gradual increase in training load. Optimize your own individual procedures for warming-up, as well as for maintaining body temperature during the period between the warm-up and competition, effective treatment of asthma (if necessary) and pacing at ~ 1700 m with cold ambient temperatures. Although we hope that these recommendations will be helpful in preparing for the Beijing Olympics in 2022, there is a clear need for more solid evidence gained through new sophisticated experiments and observational studies.

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Effects of reduced ambient temperature on fat utilization during submaximal exercise

Abstract: The diminished fat oxidation at colder temperatures potentially reflects a reduction in lipolysis and/or mobilization of FFA or impairment in the oxidative capacity of the muscle.

Cited by 34 publications

References 26 publications

Mild Decrease in Skin Temperature Reduces the Heart Rate during Moderate Exercise

Mild Decrease in Skin Temperature Reduces the Heart Rate during Moderate Exercise

Effect of ambient temperature on endurance performance while wearing cross-country skiing clothing

Preparing for the Nordic Skiing Events at the Beijing Olympics in 2022: Evidence-Based Recommendations and Unanswered Questions

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