Effects of Reduced Sodium Intake on Hypertension Control in Older Individuals

Abstract

A reduced sodium intake is a broadly effective, nonpharmacologic therapy that can lower BP and control hypertension in older individuals.

Sodium reduction for hypertension prevention in overweight adults: further results from the Trials of Hypertension Prevention Phase II

“…Less sodium reduction among black participants has been reported in some studies, 10,24 possibly attributable to regional or cultural factors, but this has not be observed in other studies. 25,26 However, no ethnic difference in the attainment of the sodium reduction goal was observed here. It is doubtful that this finding was affected by the somewhat larger proportion of missing urine data in blacks than whites, because the overall proportion of missing data was relatively small.…”

Sodium Intake and Cardiovascular Disease

“…The association within specific age groups was not significant (30-44 years HR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.36-1.03, and 45-54 years HR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.53-1.08) (21). A randomized trial including older adults aged 60-80 years showed that sodium reduction corresponded with a 32% decrease in trial endpoints, including CVD events (95% CI: 0.56-0.82) (8). Age-stratified analyses in this study indicated a 34% reduction in trial end points among 60-69-year-olds compared with a 25% reduced risk among 70-80-year-olds (8).…”

“…The association between sodium intake and CVD risk in the context of underlying BP levels is also described in six intervention studies ( Table 2). These studies have been conducted primarily in individuals with some degree of hypertension (8,21,34,36,51,90).…”

“…Initially evaluated to examine the relationship with BP, these analyses revisit the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data (44,45) and intervention studies, such as the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP) Phase I (TOHP I) and Phase II (TOHP II) (21) and the Trial of Nonpharmacological Interventions in the Elderly (TONE) (8). This review encompasses 17 observational studies that address the association between sodium intake and CVD (37,44,45,52,68,(84)(85)(86)(87), including measures of cardiac dysfunction (12,24,28,29,54,55,67,79).…”

“…This review encompasses 17 observational studies that address the association between sodium intake and CVD (37,44,45,52,68,(84)(85)(86)(87), including measures of cardiac dysfunction (12,24,28,29,54,55,67,79). Although there are currently no randomized clinical trials of CVD morbidity and mortality in relation to sodium intake, two intervention studies evaluate sodium's effects on the vasculature (36,80), three studies evaluate sodium and measures of cardiac dysfunction (34,51,90), and four studies explore longitudinal outcomes for individuals having taken part in an intervention study (8,21,65,92,94).…”