Effects of Remote Ischemic Conditioning Methods on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Muscle Flaps: An Experimental Study in Rats

Abstract

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of remote ischemic conditioning on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat muscle flaps histopathologically and biochemically.MethodsThirty albino rats were divided into 5 groups. No procedure was performed in the rats in group 1, and only blood samples were taken. A gracilis muscle flap was elevated in all the other groups. Microclamps were applied to the vascular pedicle for 4 hours in order to achieve tissue ischemia. In group 2, no additional procedure was performed. In groups 3, 4, and 5, the right hind limb was used and 3 cycles of ischemia-reperfusion for 5 minutes each (total, 30 minutes) was applied with a latex tourniquet (remote ischemic conditioning). In group 3, this procedure was performed before flap elevation (remote ischemic preconditoning). In group 4, the procedure was performed 4 hours after flap ischemia (remote ischemic postconditioning). In group 5, the procedure was performed after the flap was elevated, during the muscle flap ischemia episode (remote ischemic perconditioning).ResultsThe histopathological damage score in all remote conditioning ischemia groups was lower than in the ischemic-reperfusion group. The lowest histopathological damage score was observed in group 5 (remote ischemic perconditioning).ConclusionsThe nitric oxide levels were higher in the blood samples obtained from the remote ischemic perconditioning group. This study showed the effectiveness of remote ischemic conditioning procedures and compared their usefulness for preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury in muscle flaps.

The effect of fullerenol C60 on skeletal muscle after lower limb ischemia reperfusion injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

“…A histologic examination can show myocyte injury directly, including the integrity of the cell membrane, gaps within the cell, and staining intensity [30,32]. In previous studies, morphological changes due to I/R was shown [33][34][35]. In this study, we used histopathological examination to show I/R injury and the effect of fullerenol on I/R injury of skeletal muscle.…”

Subclinical effects of remote ischaemic conditioning in human kidney transplants revealed by quantitative proteomics

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Effects of ischaemic post-conditioning on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage

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