Effects of repeated phosphorus fertilisation on field crops in Finland 1.Yield responses on clay and loam soils relation to soil test P values

Saarela, Into; Salo, Yrjö; Vuorinen, Martti

doi:10.2137/145960606778644548

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…At the same level of soil test P, smaller rates of P sufficed in clay and clay loam soils than in peat soils and in silty and sandy loams. The relative supply of P from Error bars indicate the confidence interval (P * 0.95) different types of mineral soil was in agreement with earlier results (Saarela et al 1995(Saarela et al , 2006a. The unstable silty soils are better rooted and exploited for nutrients by grasses than by spring cereals, but the physical properties of compacted silty soils are less favourable even for grass production.…”

Section: Supply Of P To Grassessupporting

confidence: 89%

Stratification of soil phosphorus, pH, and macro-cations under intensively cropped grass ley

Saarela

Vuorinen

2009

Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst

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The large amounts of nutrients applied to and removed from soil by intensive grass production may cause quick changes in the nutrient pools available to plants and exposed to leaching and runoff losses. Stratification of applied nutrients is especially important for phosphorus (P), which moves slowly in soil. To study the vertical distribution of extractable nutrients and soil pH in different types of ley soil, P fertilisers were incorporated or placed prior to sowing or broadcast annually at ten sites for 3 years. Then the soils were sampled in several layers 2.5 or 5 cm deep and analysed for pH and the concentrations of phosphorus, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) extractable with acid ammonium acetate. In mineral soils, broadcast P mainly remained within the uppermost 2.5 cm of soil, in which the concentrations of extractable P more than doubled during the study period. When commonly used NK and NPK fertilisers were applied, the uppermost 5 cm of soil was acidified by about 0.5 pH units and its Ca value decreased by about 25%. Broadcast K enriched a thin surface layer even if the K balance was negative. Estimation of the concentration of dissolved phosphate in runoff suggested that the high P losses that are possible at excessive levels of soil test P can be diminished by perennial grasses supplied with abundant water and other nutrients. Surface-applied P appeared to increase the losses, but even a shallow placement seemed to prevent them efficiently if all fertiliser granules become covered with soil.

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Section: Supply Of P To Grassessupporting

confidence: 89%

Stratification of soil phosphorus, pH, and macro-cations under intensively cropped grass ley

Saarela

Vuorinen

2009

Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst

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“…In spite of the high Pac status at the beginning, the yields responded positively to P applications. At the end of the experiment, the Pac status of the P 0 plots was still at a level at which cereal yield responses to P fertilization in Finland have been very small or non‐existent ( Saarela et al, ; Valkama et al, ). Overestimation of the actual P supply to the plants by the Pac method in this field was suggested by Jaakkola et al ().…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate of phosphorus in soil during a long‐term fertilization experiment in Finland

Rodríguez

Yli‐Halla

Jaakkola

2018

J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.

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Accumulation and depletion of soil phosphorus (P) was studied in a long‐term (37 y) field experiment in Southern Finland. The loam soil had a high pH (7.5–7.7) due to an earlier liming. Spring barley, spring wheat, oat, and ryegrass, grown in rotation, were annually fertilized with 0, 32, or 67 kg P ha−1 y−1 (P0, P1, and P2K) and sufficient N. The average dry matter grain yield 2,600 kg ha−1 of the P0 plots increased by about 500 kg ha−1 at P1 treatment and another 600 kg ha−1 by P2K. Soil samples were collected in 1978 (beginning), 1995, 2005, and 2015. According to the Chang and Jackson sequential extraction, the P2K and P1 treatments increased the inorganic soil P by 732 and 32 kg P ha −1 in 37 years, respectively, while the P0 plots were depleted by –459 kg P ha −1. The P2K treatment increased all four P fractions, extracted with NH4Cl (easily soluble), NH4F (Al‐P), NaOH (Fe‐P), and H2SO4 (Ca‐P). Continuous depletion (P0) decreased the NH4Cl‐P and NH4F‐P pools, NaOH‐P and H2SO4‐P pools remaining stable. None of the P pools changed significantly at P1. The remarkable gap between the measured change and the balance for the P2K and P1 treatments cannot be explained solely by lateral soil movement, meaning that a significant proportion of the applied P was lost either in surface runoff or transported below the investigated depth of 40 cm. Despite large P applications, the degree of P saturation reached only 20% in the P2K topsoil, assuming a 50% reactivity of Fe and Al oxides. As derived from sorption isotherms, a high EPC0 (i.e., equilibrium P concentration at zero net P sorption or desorption) of 1.30 mg L−1 had been built up in the P2K treatment, while in the P1 treatment EPC0 (0.33 mg L−1) had remained unchanged and P depletion (P0) had caused a decrease to 0.12 mg L−1. These results demonstrate that P sorption and desorption properties respond strongly to both P fertilization and null fertilization treatments and that in a long‐term field experiment only a low proportion of the residual fertilizer P can be recovered from soil.

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“…For fields with low STP, more P than removed by harvested yield is commonly recommended, whereas for fields with medium and high STP the amount of P removed in harvest may be replaced or partly replaced (e.g., Albertsson 2008;Krogstad et al 2008). Another principle may be to aim at a certain STP level, regarded as optimal, while also aiming to nearly (e.g., 90% of the) maximum yields (Saarela et al 2006a;Quintero et al 2003). This logic was embedded in the earlier P recommendations in Finland, and later also adopted in the nutrient application limits of the Finnish Agri-Environmental Programme (FAEP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Yield response models to phosphorus application: a research synthesis of Finnish field trials to optimize fertilizer P use of cereals

Валкама

Uusitalo

Туртола

2011

Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst

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Fertilizer applications should be based on relevant yield response models and be economically justified. In this study, we defined the yield response models of cereals to phosphorus (P) fertilization on the major Finnish soil types by the means of a research synthesis and meta-analysis. We also calculated economically optimum P rates under different price combinations of P fertilizer (1-3 € kg -1 ) and cereal yields (100-300 € tn -1 ), for 1-year decision interval of P applications. Our material consisted of data on P fertilizer experiments conducted in Finland during the last 60 years on clay, coarse-textured mineral and organic soils, with variable soil test P (STP) status at the start of the experiments. The cereals cultivated were spring barley, oats, spring and winter wheat, and winter rye. The applied P rates ranged between 6 and 100 kg ha -1 . For low STP classes, Mitscherlich-type exponential models were appropriate for all soil groups, predicting 17-27% higher maximum yields when compared to the controls without added P. In contrast, for medium and high STP classes, the yield responses to increasing P rates were scattered around zero in most soils.Phosphorus fertilization had also negligible effect on 1,000-seed and test weights. On Finnish cereal farms, when P fertilizer is purchased, the present P rates allowed by the Agri-Environmental Programme are uneconomically high. It appears that P fertilization can be substantially reduced on majority of Finnish fields, or even omitted for years, without economic loss under current (2 € kg -1 ) or higher P fertilizer prices.

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Effects of repeated phosphorus fertilisation on field crops in Finland 1.Yield responses on clay and loam soils relation to soil test P values

Cited by 13 publications

References 16 publications

Stratification of soil phosphorus, pH, and macro-cations under intensively cropped grass ley

Stratification of soil phosphorus, pH, and macro-cations under intensively cropped grass ley

Fate of phosphorus in soil during a long‐term fertilization experiment in Finland

Yield response models to phosphorus application: a research synthesis of Finnish field trials to optimize fertilizer P use of cereals

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