Effects of repeated whole-body cold exposures on serum concentrations of growth hormone, thyrotropin, prolactin and thyroid hormones in healthy women

Smolander, Juhani; Leppäluoto, Juhani; Westerlund, Tarja; Oksa, Juha; Dugué, Benoît; Mikkelsson, Marja; Ruokonen, Aimo

doi:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.02.001

Cited by 35 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…WBCT resulted in decreased levels of testosterone and estradiol in football players, although there were no changes in the concentration of luteinizing hormone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA-S) (Korzonek-Szlacheta et al 2007). Smolander et al (2009) showed that ten sessions of WBCT in healthy females did not lead to disorders related to altered secretions of the growth hormone, prolactin, thyrotropin, or thyroid hormone. Thermoregulation induced by low temperatures is associated with an increase in lipid metabolism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of short-term cryostimulation on antioxidative status and its clinical applications in humans

Miller¹,

Markiewicz

Saluk‐Bijak

et al. 2011

Eur J Appl Physiol

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Whole body cryostimulation (WBCT) is becoming popular in medicine and sport as an adjuvant form of treatment since late 1970s. Only a few works concerning antioxidant protection after WBCT have been published. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a ten 3-min-long exposures (one exposure per day) to cryogenic temperature (−130°C) on the level of total antioxidant status (TAS), activity of selected antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and main non-enzymatic antioxidant—uric acid (UA) in WBCT study group (man n = 24; female n = 22) and non-WBCT control subjects (man n = 22; female n = 26). Moreover, we evaluated the lipid peroxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances products. Their blood samples were collected twice at an interval of 10 days in both study group and control subjects. The activity of antioxidant enzyme and lipid peroxidation was assayed in erythrocytes, while the concentration of uric acid was measured in plasma. After completing a total of ten WBCT sessions a significant increase (p < 0.001) of TAS and UA levels in plasma (p < 0.001) in comparison to non-WBCT was observed. Our data showed that there was statistically significant increase of the activities of SOD in erythrocytes obtained from WBCT study group compared to non-WBCT controls after 10 days of treatment (p < 0.001). It was concluded that expositions to extremely low temperatures use in cryostimulation improve the antioxidant capacity of organism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of short-term cryostimulation on antioxidative status and its clinical applications in humans

Miller¹,

Markiewicz

Saluk‐Bijak

et al. 2011

Eur J Appl Physiol

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“…Therefore literature reports are often contradictory and inadequate. Moreover, very often changes observed after WBC are interpreted with reference to the results obtained after the application of temperatures close to zero, such as immersion or swimming in cold water [7], [8], [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hematological Parameters, and Hematopoietic Growth Factors: Epo and IL-3 in Response to Whole-Body Cryostimulation (WBC) in Military Academy Students

et al. 2014

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The effects of extreme cold on the human body are not fully understood, there are also no reports on the effect of cryogenic temperatures on the levels of erythropoietin (EPO) and interleukin 3 (IL-3), two important factors that regulate hematopoiesis. Aim: determination of changes in peripheral blood cell counts and EPO and IL-3 levels induced by a series of 10, 20 and 30 standard whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) treatments. The study involved 45 men, experimental group (EXP, n = 30) subjected to 30 WBC treatments (−130°C, treatment duration: 3 minutes) and a control group (CON, n = 15). Blood samples were collected before the series of treatments and after 10, 20 and 30 treatments. After 10 and 20 treatments we observed lower red blood cell counts and hematocrit and hemoglobin levels compared to baseline (p<0.05) and the control group (p<0.05). Additionally we observed an increase in hemoglobin concentration in plasma (p<0.05), and bilirubin after 10 and 20 treatments, and a decrease in plasma concentration of haptoglobin after 10, 20 and 30 treatments (p<0.05). The number of leukocytes was higher after 10 and 20 WBC treatments compared to baseline and the CON group. EPO concentration in plasma was elevated and the concentration of IL-3 was lower after 10, 20 and 30 WBC treatments. The decrease in indices of the erythrocytic system, plasma hemoglobin and bilirubin, with a simultaneous decrease in haptoglobin concentrations after 10 and 20 WBC treatments, may be due to increased intravascular hemolysis. At the same time there was a small, but statistically significant increase in the concentration of EPO stimulated erythropoiesis which could facilitate a return of erythrocytic system indices to initial levels after 30 WBC treatments. Changes in the white blood cell system showed transient mobilization of this system under the influence of WBC.

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“…Some authors report that cryostimulation leads to an increase in plasma ACTH and cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine [38], while others have not observed any stimulation of traditional stress hormones [20]. Smolander et al reported that whole-body cryotherapy treatments in healthy females did not lead to disorders related to altered secretions of the growth hormone, prolactin, thyrotropin, or thyroid hormone [32]. Cryotherapy resulted in decreased levels of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) in football players, albeit with no changes in the concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA-S) [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in lipid profile in response to three different protocols of whole-body cryostimulation treatments

et al. 2010

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a b s t r a c tSystemic cryostimulation is useful treatment, both in sport and medicine, during which human body is exposed to very low, cryogenic temperature (below À100°C). Although there exists some evidence of its beneficial effect in biological regeneration, so far it has not been unequivocally determined if the positive effect of repeated stimulations depends on their number in a series. The aim of this research was to estimate the influence of 5, 10 and 20 sessions of 3 min-long exposures to cryogenic temperature (À130°C) on the lipid profile in physically active men. Sixty-nine healthy volunteers participated in the study. The blood samples were taken in the morning, after overnight fasting, before the first cryostimulation session, and the following morning after the last one (5th,10th, 20th).In serum specimens the concentration of total cholesterol (TCh), HDL cholesterol and triglicerydes were determined using enzymatic methods. LDL cholesterol level was calculated using Friedewald formula. The changes in lipid profile (LDL decrease with simultaneously HDL increase) occurred after at least 10 sessions of cryostimulation.Ó 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. IntroductionWhole-body cryostimulation in a cryogenic chamber uses very low temperatures (ranging from À100 to À160°C) over a short time span (1-3 min) to induce systemic physiological responses. It is based on the heat exchange between surfaces with different temperatures [30]. Heat is absorbed by cooled surface tissues from deeper situated tissues at the rate proportional to their difference in temperature.A desired response to a systemic effect of cryogenic temperatures (below À100°C) is a hyperaemic reaction (rebound effect), stimulatory in character. Exposure in cryogenic chamber, under a supervision of a physician and in compliance to commonly accepted rules concerning cryostimulation, is not harmful or dangerous to healthy individuals, although there exist several contraindications. Banfi et al. reported that whole-body cryotherapy is not deleterious to cardiac function in healthy individuals [1]. Documented analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioedematous action reduces increased muscle tension and therefore cryotherapy has been increasingly often applied in sport and medicine, in combination with additional forms of treatment [13,14,25,34,36].It is postulated that cryostimulation mobilizes the white blood cells, particularly immunocompetent lymphocytes [4,15,21,22]. The effect on red blood cells has not been positively confirmed. Banfi et al. did not observe changes in the level of hematocrit, whereas red blood cells and mean corpuscular hemoglobin decreased after 5 cryostimulation sessions [2,3]. On the contrary, significant increase in erythrocytes count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value and the mean corpuscular value (MCV) were reported by Stanek et al. [33].It is unclear how repeated cryostimulation influences the level of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. There is a report of increased anti-inflammatory cy...

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Effects of repeated whole-body cold exposures on serum concentrations of growth hormone, thyrotropin, prolactin and thyroid hormones in healthy women

Cited by 35 publications

References 13 publications

Effect of short-term cryostimulation on antioxidative status and its clinical applications in humans

Effect of short-term cryostimulation on antioxidative status and its clinical applications in humans

Hematological Parameters, and Hematopoietic Growth Factors: Epo and IL-3 in Response to Whole-Body Cryostimulation (WBC) in Military Academy Students

Changes in lipid profile in response to three different protocols of whole-body cryostimulation treatments

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