1964
DOI: 10.1037/h0040734
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Effects of repetition and spaced review upon retention of a complex learning task.

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Cited by 88 publications
(56 citation statements)
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“…In one study, the meanings of a series of scientific terms were learned much more effectively when repetitions were spaced than when they were massed (Reynolds and Glaser, 1964). In another study, arithmetical rules presented on a computer monitor were learned better when reviews occurred 1 and 7 days after the initial presentation than when they occurred 1 and 2 days following original learning (Gay, 1973, Experiment 2).…”
mentioning
confidence: 95%
“…In one study, the meanings of a series of scientific terms were learned much more effectively when repetitions were spaced than when they were massed (Reynolds and Glaser, 1964). In another study, arithmetical rules presented on a computer monitor were learned better when reviews occurred 1 and 7 days after the initial presentation than when they occurred 1 and 2 days following original learning (Gay, 1973, Experiment 2).…”
mentioning
confidence: 95%
“…Howe feels that his results indicate that there should be an emphasis on the avoidance of errors made early in the learning process. Reynolds and Glaser (1964) found that various amounts of massed repetition of program frames concerning technical terminology in biology had little effect on learning, particularly as measured in delayed testing. These authors recommend that in programmed instruction, repetitions and reviews should be more widely spaced, since massed repetitions are likely to contribute to monotony.…”
Section: Prelearning Variablesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These findings held for repetition and induction tasks (Kornell, Castel, Eich, & Bjork, 2010) and abstraction and generalization tasks (West, 2011). Classroom studies and studies with educationally relevant materials have recently become more common, finding benefits to distributed study of scientific prose (Roediger & Karpicke, 2006), maps (Carpenter & Pashler, 2007), history facts (Carpenter, Pashler, & Cepeda, 2009), vocabulary (Bloom & Shuell, 1981Seabrook, Brown, & Solity, 2005;Sobel, Cepeda, & Kapler, 2010), multiplication facts (Rea & Modigliani, 1985), statistics concepts (Budé, Imbos, Wiel, & Berger, 2011;Smith & Rothkopf, 1984), middle school biology concepts (Reynolds & Glaser, 1964), university medical education (Kerfoot, Kearney, Connelly, & Ritchey, 2009), and elementary science (Vlach & Sandhofer, 2012).…”
Section: Revisiting As Distributed Practice Supports Learningmentioning
confidence: 99%