“…Elegant work by numerous groups has established that neurons within the NAc encode conditioned task-related events, including the instruction or trigger cues that signal subsequent outcomes, the preparation, initiation, and execution of behav- ioral actions, and the sensory properties of reinforcers (Apicella et al, 1991;Schultz et al, 1992;Williams et al, 1993;Hollerman et al, 1998;Hassani et al, 2001;Carelli, 2002;Setlow et al, 2003;Taha and Fields, 2005;Roesch et al, 2009). During goal-directed behaviors, the activity of rodent NAc neurons is characterized by anticipatory changes in firing preceding the operant response, followed by either an increase or decrease in firing after delivery of the reinforcer (Carelli et al, 1993(Carelli et al, , 2000Chang et al, 1996;Lee et al, 1998;Martin and Ono, 2000).…”