Effects of sedation with acepromazine on echocardiographic measurements in eight healthy thoroughbred horses

Menzies‐Gow, N. J.

doi:10.1136/vr.163.1.21

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…To date, there is no published information related to the direct effect of ACP in such measurements of the median artery in the horse. Nevertheless, previously published data reported a decrease in SAP [2,20,23] and an increase in DIAM [6,24], which is consistent with the observed increase of CIRC, SURF, and DIAM and the reported vasodilator effect of ACP [25]. An augmentation of VF, reported after administration of ACP to healthy horses [6,2,25], is due to an increase in vessel DIAM, an increase in maximal flow velocity, and a decrease in peripheral resistance [26].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Comparison of the Sedative and Hemodynamic Effects of Acepromazine and Promethazine in the Standing Horse

Pequito

Amory

Serteyn

et al. 2012

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Comparison of the Sedative and Hemodynamic Effects of Acepromazine and Promethazine in the Standing Horse

Pequito

Amory

Serteyn

et al. 2012

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

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“…A few studies have addressed the influence of sedation on echocardiographic indices of cardiac size and function 54, 55, 56, 57, 58. Alpha‐2 agonists cause a reduction in heart rate, an increased incidence of 2nd‐degree AV block, and a reduction in LV systolic performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Function in Healthy Horses and in Horses with Heart Disease Using Pulsed‐Wave Tissue Doppler Imaging

Koenig

Mitchell

Schwarzwald

2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundAssessment of left ventricular (LV) function by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is not well established in horses with heart disease.ObjectivesTo describe the use of pulsed‐wave (PW) TDI for the assessment of LV function, establish reference intervals, investigate effects of mitral regurgitation (MR), aortic regurgitation (AR), and primary myocardial disease (MD), and provide proof of concept for the use of PW TDI in Warmblood horses with heart disease.AnimalsThirty healthy horses, 38 horses with MR, 25 with AR, 8 with MD.MethodsEchocardiograms were retrospectively analyzed. Reference intervals were calculated. PW TDI indices of healthy horses and horses with MR, AR, and MD were compared by one‐way ANOVA and Dunnett's test.ResultsA complete set of PW TDI variables could be obtained in 94 of 101 horses. Variables corresponding to isovolumic intervals were most difficult to measure. Valvular regurgitation influenced variables describing isovolumic contraction and ejection. Horses with MD had significantly shortened ETm (−118.5 [−154.1 to −82.9] ms; mean difference [95% CI of difference of means]), increased PEPm/ETm (0.11 [0.05 to 0.17]), prolonged IMPm (0.28 [0.18 to 0.37]), increased S 1 (8.9 [5.2 to 12.6] cm/s), and decreased E 1 (−2.6 [−4.7 to −0.5] cm/s), E m (−14.2 [−19.9 to −8.5] cm/s), and E m/A m ratio (−1.6 [−2.6 to −0.6]).Conclusions and Clinical ImportancePulsed‐wave TDI might be useful for detection of LV dysfunction in horses with primary MD. The clinical value of TDI in horses with MR and AR remains uncertain.

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“…Horses treated with acepromazine did show mild increases in pulmonary artery and aortic diameter, consistent with afterload reduction and compensatory increase in stroke volume. 35,36 Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist that functions as a dissociative anesthetic. Ketamine itself causes direct myocardial depression; however, it also stimulates central adrenergic centers and decreases re-uptake of norepinephrine, resulting in sympathomimetic effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of sedation on echocardiographic variables of left atrial and left ventricular function in healthy cats

Ward

Schober

Fuentes

et al. 2012

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Although sedation is frequently used to facilitate patient compliance in feline echocardiography, the effects of sedative drugs on echocardiographic variables have been poorly documented. This study investigated the effects of two sedation protocols on echocardiographic indices in healthy cats, with special emphasis on the assessment of left atrial size and function, as well as left ventricular diastolic performance. Seven cats underwent echocardiography (transthoracic two-dimensional, spectral Doppler, color flow Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging) before and after sedation with both acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg IM) and butorphanol (0.25 mg/kg IM), or acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg IM), butorphanol (0.25 mg/kg IM) and ketamine (1.5 mg/kg IV). Heart rate increased significantly following acepromazine/butorphanol/ketamine (mean±SD of increase, 40±26 beats/min) and non-invasive systolic blood pressure decreased significantly following acepromazine/butorphanol (mean±SD of decrease, 12±19 mmHg). The majority of echocardiographic variables were not significantly different after sedation compared with baseline values. Both sedation protocols resulted in mildly decreased left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and mildly increased left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness. This study therefore failed to demonstrate clinically meaningful effects of these sedation protocols on echocardiographic measurements, suggesting that sedation with acepromazine, butorphanol and/or ketamine can be used to facilitate echocardiography in healthy cats.

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Effects of sedation with acepromazine on echocardiographic measurements in eight healthy thoroughbred horses

Cited by 14 publications

References 27 publications

Comparison of the Sedative and Hemodynamic Effects of Acepromazine and Promethazine in the Standing Horse

Comparison of the Sedative and Hemodynamic Effects of Acepromazine and Promethazine in the Standing Horse

Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Function in Healthy Horses and in Horses with Heart Disease Using Pulsed‐Wave Tissue Doppler Imaging

Effects of sedation on echocardiographic variables of left atrial and left ventricular function in healthy cats

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