Effects of serial anesthesia using ketamine or ketamine/medetomidine on hematology and serum biochemistry values in rhesus macaques (<i>Macaca Mulatta</i>)

Lugo‐Roman, Luis A.; Rico, Pedro; Sturdivant, Rodney X.; Burks, Robert T.; Settle, T.L.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00394.x

Cited by 43 publications

(47 citation statements)

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“…First, blood sample collection was performed on conscious animals in our study, as conscious collection may better reflect actual physiological values; accordingly, prior reports have demonstrated that anaesthetics can alter serum biochemical and hematological variables. For example, ketamine anesthesia for cynomolgus monkeys produces reductions in the white blood cell count, glucose, and potassium, along with increases in aspartate aminotransferase and creatine phosphokinase as compared to the conscious state [29]; moreover, similar findings have been reported in rhesus [30] and bonnet monkeys [31]. Second, all subjects in our study were fasting 14–16 hours before blood collection; according to the recommendations of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry’s Division of Animal Clinical Chemistry (AACC-DACC) and the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology’s (ASVCP) Joint Committee on Clinical Pathology Testing of Laboratory Species, a 12–18 hour overnight fast for animal species prior to blood collection is essential [38], [39].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Age- and Sex-Based Hematological and Biochemical Parameters for Macaca fascicularis

Xie

Liu³

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundThe cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) has been increasingly used in biomedical research, making knowledge of its blood-based parameters essential to support the selection of healthy subjects and its use in preclinical research. As age and sex affect these blood-based parameters, it is important to establish baseline indices for these parameters on an age and sex basis and determine the effects of age and sex on these indices.MethodsA total of 917 cynomolgus monkeys (374 males and 543 females) were selected and segregated by age (five groups) and sex. A total of 30 hematological and 22 biochemical parameters were measured, and the effects of age and sex were analyzed.ResultsBaseline indices for hematological and biochemical parameters were separately established by age and sex. Significant effects by age, sex, and age-sex interaction were observed in a number of blood parameters. In the 49–60 months and 61–72 months age groups, red blood cell count, hemoglobulin, and hematocrit showed significantly lower values (P<0.01) in females than males. Serum alkaline phosphatase varied with age in both sexes (P<0.01) and was significantly higher in females than males (P<0.05) in the groups aged 13–24 months and 25–36 months; however, in the three groups aged over 25–36 months, serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly lower in females than males (P<0.01). Creatinine concentration increased with age (P<0.01) in all age groups; specifically in the groups aged 49–60 months and 61–72 months, creatinine was significantly higher (P<0.01) in males than females. Total protein and globulin both increased with age (P<0.01).ConclusionThe baseline values of hematological and biochemical parameters reported herein establish reference indices of blood-based parameters in the cynomolgus monkey by age and sex, thereby aiding researchers in selecting healthy subjects and evaluating preclinical studies using this species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Age- and Sex-Based Hematological and Biochemical Parameters for Macaca fascicularis

Xie

Liu³

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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“…The main disadvantages of ketamine are poor muscle relaxation, grasping movements of limbs and hands, and a marked increase in salivation [4,6]. In addition, ketamine has been associated with muscle damage in primates [7-9]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of three different sedative-anaesthetic protocols (ketamine, ketamine-medetomidine and alphaxalone) in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

et al. 2013

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BackgroundHandling of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) usually requires chemical restraint. Ketamine has been associated with muscle damage in primates, while common marmosets, compared to other primates, additionally display an exceptional high sensitivity to ketamine-associated side-effects. Notably, muscle twitching movements of limbs and hands, and a marked increase in salivation are observed. We investigated two alternative intramuscular (i.m.) immobilisation protocols against ketamine (50 mg/kg; protocol 1) in a double-blind randomised crossover study in ten healthy adult common marmosets for use as a safe reliable, short-term immobilisation and sedation. These protocols comprised: alphaxalone (12 mg/kg; protocol 2) and 25 mg/kg ketamine combined with 0.50 mg/kg medetomidine (reversal with 2.5 mg/kg atipamezole; protocol 3A). Following completion and unblinding, the project was extended with an additional protocol (3B), comprising 25 mg/kg ketamine combined with 0.05 mg/kg medetomidine (reversal with 0.25 mg/kg atipamezole, twice with 35 min interval).ResultsAll protocols in this study provided rapid onset (induction times <5 min) of immobilisation and sedation. Duration of immobilisation was 31.23 ± 22.39 min, 53.72 ± 13.08 min, 19.73 ± 5.74 min, and 22.78 ± 22.37 min for protocol 1, 2, 3A, and 3B, respectively. Recovery times were 135.84 ± 39.19 min, 55.79 ± 11.02 min, 405.46 ± 29.81 min, and 291.91 ± 80.34 min, respectively. Regarding the quality, and reliability (judged by pedal withdrawal reflex, palpebral reflex and muscle tension) of all protocols, protocol 2 was the most optimal. Monitored vital parameters were within clinically acceptable limits during all protocols and there were no fatalities. Indication of muscle damage as assessed by AST, LDH and CK values was most prominent elevated in protocol 1, 3A, and 3B.ConclusionsWe conclude that intramuscular administration of 12 mg/kg alphaxalone to common marmosets is preferred over other protocols studied. Protocol 2 resulted in at least comparable immobilisation quality with acceptable and less frequent side effects and superior recovery quality. In all protocols, supportive therapy, such as external heat support, remains mandatory. Notably, an unacceptable long recovery period in both ketamine/medetomidine protocols (subsequently reversed with atipamezole) was observed, showing that α-2 adrenoreceptor agonists in the used dose and dosing regime is not the first choice for sedation in common marmosets in a standard research setting.

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“…Kortepeter et al (42) reported that, in a rhesus macaque model, animals lethally challenged with EBOV Kikwit experienced a rapid increase in plasma viral RNA beginning at 4 dpi and a rapid increase in serum lactate beginning at 7 dpi. In humans, serum lactate levels have been shown to correlate with serum LDH levels (43), and both have independently been associated with death (44)(45)(46)(47). Thus, further study is needed of lactate and LDH levels in humans and NHPs with EVD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent experience with introduction of likely or suspected arbovirus and arbovirus vectors into northern Australia suggests that FRV was probably introduced from Southeast Asia. Included are introductions by mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti (L.), Aedes vexans, and Culex gelidus (42,43) and introductions of viruses including Japanese encephalitis virus from Papua New Guinea (44), bluetongue viruses from Southeast Asia (45,46), and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus 1 from Indonesia (47).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analogous to our observations, recent studies have also reported increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (40,42,46), alanine aminotransferase (40,42,46), and monocytes (42) in Zika virus-infected macaques. Although increases in some laboratory values might be the result of repeated daily anesthesia (47), studies with increased numbers of animals are needed to resolve which clinical laboratory parameters are associated with Zika virus infection in NHP models. Ultimately, further studies are needed to determine whether differences in the magnitude/duration of viremia and clinical signs are the result of animal genotype, virus isolate phenotype, inoculum dose, or inoculum route.…”

Section: Infection Rates After Inoculation With Zika Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Naegleria fowleri

Alexeieff¹

2011

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Effects of serial anesthesia using ketamine or ketamine/medetomidine on hematology and serum biochemistry values in rhesus macaques (Macaca Mulatta)

Abstract: The results of our study suggest a cumulative effect of serial anesthesia and should be an important consideration when interpreting hematology and serum biochemistry in rhesus macaques.

Cited by 43 publications

References 11 publications

Age- and Sex-Based Hematological and Biochemical Parameters for Macaca fascicularis

Age- and Sex-Based Hematological and Biochemical Parameters for Macaca fascicularis

Comparison of three different sedative-anaesthetic protocols (ketamine, ketamine-medetomidine and alphaxalone) in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Naegleria fowleri

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